Tag normal heptane

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The application of n-Heptane in the rubber industry

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The application of n-Heptane in the rubber industry is indeed extensive. Here are some specific cases:

1. Rubber processing: n-Heptane is used as a solvent in the rubber processing process. It helps in the mixing, plasticization and molding of rubber.

2. Rubber product manufacturing: n-Heptane is used to manufacture various rubber products, such as tires, seals, rubber tubes, rubber pads, etc. It can improve the fluidity and processing properties of rubber.

3. Rubber adhesives: n-Heptane is also used as one of the ingredients of rubber adhesives. It helps to bond different parts together.

In short, n-Heptane plays an important role in the rubber industry and supports the manufacturing and performance of rubber products. If you need more detailed information or other help, please feel free to let us know!


-DTBPS- -TBPS- -DMDS- Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS), DMDS, DTBPS, TBPS

Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS): Catalyst Sulfiding and Advantages

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Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS): Catalyst Sulfiding and Advantages

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What is n-Heptane and why is it important for chemistry?

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n-Heptane is a pure form of heptane, a common solvent and fuel component. It has a special role in measuring the octane rating of gasoline and in separating chiral compounds.

Heptane is a simple organic compound with the chemical formula C$_7$H$_{16}$. It is a colorless liquid that smells like gasoline and is highly flammable. Heptane is widely used as a solvent in laboratories and industries, as it can dissolve many non-polar substances. It is also a component of gasoline, as it can be easily refined from crude oil.

However, not all heptane molecules are the same. There are different ways to arrange the seven carbon atoms and the 16 hydrogen atoms in a heptane molecule, resulting in different shapes and properties. These different forms of heptane are called isomers, and there are nine of them in total.

One of the isomers of heptane is n-heptane, which stands for normal heptane. This is the simplest and most symmetrical form of heptane, where the seven carbon atoms are arranged in a straight chain. n-Heptane has some unique characteristics that make it important for chemistry.

First, n-heptane is the standard for measuring the octane rating of gasoline. The octane rating is a measure of how well a fuel can resist knocking, which is a phenomenon where the fuel ignites too early in the engine, causing damage and reducing efficiency. n-Heptane is very prone to knocking, as it burns very quickly and explosively. Therefore, it is assigned a octane rating of zero, meaning the worst possible fuel for an engine. On the other hand, iso-octane, another isomer of octane (C$_8$H$_{18}$), is very resistant to knocking, as it burns more slowly and smoothly. Therefore, it is assigned a octane rating of 100, meaning the best possible fuel for an engine. Other fuels are compared to these two extremes, and their octane rating is calculated as the percentage of iso-octane in a mixture with n-heptane that has the same knocking behavior. For example, a gasoline with an octane rating of 87 means that it behaves like a mixture of 87% iso-octane and 13% n-heptane.

Second, n-heptane is useful for separating chiral compounds. Chiral compounds are molecules that have two forms that are mirror images of each other, like your left and right hands. These forms are called enantiomers, and they can have different effects on living organisms. For example, one enantiomer of a drug may be beneficial, while the other may be harmful. Therefore, it is important to be able to separate and identify the enantiomers of a chiral compound. One way to do this is by using a chiral column, which is a tube filled with a material that can distinguish between the enantiomers. The chiral compound is dissolved in a solvent, such as n-heptane, and passed through the column. The enantiomers will interact differently with the material, and will come out of the column at different times. This is called chromatography, and it is a widely used technique for separating and analyzing mixtures.

n-Heptane is a good solvent for chiral chromatography, as it is non-polar and does not interfere with the interactions between the enantiomers and the material. However, n-heptane alone is not enough to separate the enantiomers, as it may not have enough eluting power, which is the ability to push the compounds through the column. Therefore, n-heptane is often mixed with other solvents, such as ethanol or isopropanol, which have more eluting power and can affect the selectivity and resolution of the separation. The choice of the solvent mixture is a key step in chiral analysis, and it depends on the properties of the chiral compound and the column material.

In summary, n-heptane is a pure form of heptane, a common solvent and fuel component. It has a special role in measuring the octane rating of gasoline and in separating chiral compounds. n-Heptane is an example of how a simple molecule can have important applications in chemistry and beyond.

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The Challenge of n-Heptane Supply: A Popular Solvent with a Volatile Market

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n-Heptane is a chemical compound with the formula C7H16, consisting of a chain of seven carbon atoms and 16 hydrogen atoms. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that belongs to the group of alkanes, which are the simplest and most common type of hydrocarbons. N-Heptane is widely used as a solvent in various industries, such as paints, coatings, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, and oil extraction. It is also used as a reference fuel to measure the octane rating of gasoline, as it has the lowest octane number of zero. This means that n-heptane burns more easily and causes engine knocking, which is a problem for gasoline engines. Therefore, gasoline is blended with other hydrocarbons that have higher octane numbers to prevent knocking and improve engine performance.

N-Heptane is mainly produced from the refining of crude oil, which is a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons. N-Heptane can be separated from crude oil by a process called fractional distillation, which involves heating the crude oil and collecting the different fractions that boil at different temperatures. N-Heptane is one of the components of the light naphtha fraction, which boils between 30°C and 200°C. N-Heptane can also be synthesized from other hydrocarbons, such as ethylene, propylene, and butane, by a process called oligomerization, which involves combining smaller molecules into larger ones.

The supply and demand of n-heptane are influenced by various factors, such as the price and availability of crude oil, the demand from downstream industries, the environmental regulations, and the geopolitical situations. The price of n-heptane is closely linked to the price of crude oil, as it is one of the main raw materials for its production. The price of crude oil is determined by the balance between the global supply and demand, as well as the market expectations and speculations. The supply of crude oil depends on the production capacity and output of the major oil-producing countries, such as Saudi Arabia, Russia, and the United States. The demand for crude oil depends on the economic growth and energy consumption of the major oil-consuming countries, such as China, India, and the European Union. The price of crude oil can also be affected by unexpected events, such as natural disasters, wars, and sanctions, that disrupt the normal production and transportation of oil.

The demand for n-heptane is driven by the demand from the downstream industries that use it as a solvent or a fuel additive. The demand for n-heptane can vary depending on the season, the region, and the industry. For example, the demand for n-heptane as a solvent for paints and coatings can increase in the summer, when the construction and renovation activities are more active. The demand for n-heptane as a solvent for oil extraction can increase in the winter, when the viscosity of the crude oil is higher and needs to be reduced for easier pumping. The demand for n-heptane can also differ across regions, depending on the local preferences and regulations for gasoline quality. For example, some countries, such as China and India, have stricter standards for gasoline octane rating, which require more n-heptane to be blended with gasoline to lower its octane number and reduce its emissions.

The supply and demand of n-heptane can also be influenced by the environmental regulations and policies that aim to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and improve the air quality. These regulations and policies can affect the production and consumption of n-heptane in different ways. For example, some regulations, such as the Clean Air Act in the United States, can limit the amount of n-heptane that can be used as a solvent or a fuel additive, as it contributes to the formation of ozone and smog, which are harmful to human health and the environment. On the other hand, some policies, such as the Renewable Fuel Standard in the United States, can encourage the use of n-heptane as a solvent or a fuel additive, as it can help to increase the blending of biofuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, with gasoline and diesel, which are more environmentally friendly.

The challenge of n-heptane supply is to balance the supply and demand of this important chemical compound in a volatile and uncertain market. The producers and consumers of n-heptane need to monitor the market trends and dynamics, and adjust their production and procurement strategies accordingly. The producers of n-heptane need to optimize their production capacity and output, and diversify their sources of raw materials and markets. The consumers of n-heptane need to secure their supply contracts and inventories, and explore alternative solvents and fuels. The governments and regulators need to provide clear and consistent policies and regulations, and foster cooperation and coordination among the stakeholders. The researchers and innovators need to develop new and improved technologies and processes, and discover new and better applications and uses of n-heptane.

heptane

Price trend of n-Heptane in Chinese market – 03.05.2023

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Price trend of n-Heptane in Chinese market – 03.05.2023

Forecast of the latest market trend of n-Heptane price, Junyuan Petroleum Group’s exclusive report:

Today, the average price of n-Heptane in China is 13,000 CNY/MT, and the price on the previous quotation day was 12,500 CNY/MT, which is -3.70% lower than the price on the previous quotation day.

The above is the latest price forecast of n-Heptane in China today. The data comes from the data center of Junyuan Petroleum Group Marketing Department and is for reference only.

US Dollar to Chinese Yuan Exchange Rate

US Dollar to Chinese Yuan Exchange Rate is at a current level of 6.910, up from 6.865 the previous market day and up from 6.317 one year ago.

n-Heptane, 99%, for analysis, Junyuan Petroleum Group

Chemical Identifiers

CAS: 142-82-5

IUPAC Name: heptane

Molecular Formula: C7H16

InChI Key: IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: CCCCCCC

Molecular Weight (g/mol): 100.21

Synonym: heptane N-heptane eptani skellysolve C dipropyl methane gettysolve-C hsdb 90

MDL Number: MFCD00009544

Specifications

Specification Sheet

GC: >=99%

Bromine number: =<0.5

Copper (Cu): =<0.02 ppm

Total sulfur (S): =<0.001 %

Water: =<0.02 % (K.F.)

Appearance (Form): Clear liquid

Why Buy n-Heptane 99.9% High Purity Grade from Junyuan Petroleum Group

•Price. Don’t worry! We are the largest manufacturer of n-Heptane in China. The price is adjusted and updated in real time according to the cost price every day, and the price is the most competitive. This product is offered at the industry’s lowest possible price.

•Availability. In-Stock. This product is in stock and ready to ship. Orders are usually shipped in 72 hours.

•Deliverability. Fast Shipping! This product is packaged in 137KG steel drums and 16.8 MT ISO Tank container.

•Quality. Our curated products drummed in China match or exceed strict specifications.

Normal Pentane

Price Trend Chart of n-Pentane in China Market

by Manufacturers, Producers, Suppliers
In the recent month, the price of n-Pentane in the Chinese market generally showed an upward trend. From July 28 to August 3, the price remained at about 6,900 yuan, and on August 5, it rose to about 7,000 yuan. Until August 17, the product price remained at this level. In late August, the price continued to rise, and until August 26, the price remained at about 7,100 yuan.

n-Pentane is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C5H12. It is mainly used as a solvent, a reference liquid for gas chromatography, and an anesthetic. It can also be used to make artificial ice, anesthetics, and synthesize pentanol and Isopentane.

Product Purity Grade (% wt) CAS No. Applications
n-Pentane EPS Grade (≥95%) 109-66-0 Pentane blowing agent 
General Grade (≥95%) 109-66-0 Thermacol
General Grade (≥95%) 109-66-0 Rigid foams for thermal insulation panels in the construction sector
PU Grade (≥95%) 109-66-0 Sandwich Panel
Polymer Grade (≥95%) 109-66-0 LLDPE & HDPE
Pharma Grade (≥99%) 109-66-0 Linear Alkayl Benzene
LAB Grade (≥99%) 109-66-0 Surfactant

Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company

The company carried out the “August 1st” Army Day activities to comfort veterans

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The company carried out the “August 1st” Army Day activities to comfort veteransOn the afternoon of August 1, the group company held the “August 1st” Army Day veterans’ condolences activity in the West conference room on the first floor. Yu Rui, deputy general manager of Junyuan Group of Companies, Qiao Huijie, deputy general manager and director of safety and environmental protection, Chen Huimin, general office manager, and all veterans of the company participated in this activity.

At the beginning of the activity, Chen Huimin conveyed the concern letter from Chairman Miao Guangfa, in which he expressed his high praise and gratitude to all veterans, thanked them for their positive contributions to army building and national defense, and hoped that they would continue to carry forward the fine traditions of the army. Yu Rui and Qiao Huijie respectively expressed their high respect for the contributions and sacrifices made by the veterans to protect the country and the people through their speeches, and hoped that they would work hard and consistently in the future, display their demeanour as veterans, and contribute to the company’s career to a new level. At the end of the event, the leaders sent condolences to all veterans and took a group photo.

Dongying liangxin petrochemical technology development limited company

This year marks the 95th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese people’s Liberation Army. This condolence activity has further carried forward the fine tradition of supporting the army and giving preferential treatment to family members, effectively sent the company’s care and warmth to the veterans, and enhanced the Veterans’ sense of honor, belonging and happiness. The company’s veterans said that in the future, they will continue to uphold and carry forward the glorious tradition, always maintain the military’s vigorous and vigorous work style, achieve “no fading after retirement, no desire to retire after retirement”, and make due contributions to the company’s development based on their posts and dedication.

Chemical Exports

Introduction to Malaysia ASEAN Free Trade Certificate of Origin (FORM E)

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Introduction to Malaysia ASEAN Free Trade Certificate of Origin (FORM E)

Malaysia certificate of origin, also known as China’s certificate of origin for export to Malaysia, can also be called Malaysia ASEAN certificate of origin Form E. Malaysia ASEAN certificate of origin Form E is issued by China entry exit inspection and Quarantine Bureau and consists of one original and three copies. The main purpose of applying for ASEAN certificate of origin Form E for export to Malaysia is to obtain the tariff preference of the Malaysian authorities when the goods are imported into Malaysia, so as to enable the smooth customs clearance of this batch of goods.

The Malaysian certificate of origin Form E cannot have double headers. The header of the trader or factory can only be displayed under the description of the goods in the seventh column of the Form E certificate of origin, and cannot be displayed in the exporter column in the first column of the certificate of origin. For export declaration, the header of the trader or factory can be used normally.

The following points shall be noted when exporting Form E certificate of origin to Malaysia:

1. Consignee name and address cannot be bank name.

2. The departure date, ship name, port of departure and port of destination must be correct and consistent with the bill of lading.

3. The amount on the certificate of origin must show FOB amount.

Malaysian import tariff system

As a member of the world trade organization, Malaysia’s tariff level is generally low. Although the tariff rate of most items is lower than 25%, the value range of tariff rate is very wide. The tariff on basic food is very low, no more than 5%. The average tax rate for major goods is about 5%. The average tax rate of intermediate products and transportation equipment is less than 20%. The tax rate of consumer goods is higher, some as high as 60%. The tariff rate for high priced motor vehicles is higher than 100%. In short, of its total of about 600 imported items, only 91 have a tariff rate of more than 50%. As a member of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) under construction, Malaysia’s tariff reduction will implement the “generally effective preferential tariff” (CEPT) plan in the AFTA regulations. The main imported products of Malaysia are divided into three categories. The first category is raw materials and means of production, including electronic components, textiles, plastics, machine parts, oil, chemical fertilizers, pesticides and food, accounting for 42.6% of the total import volume; The second category is mechanical equipment, including metal products, mechanical transport equipment, electronic instruments, heavy machinery and telecommunications equipment, accounting for 34.5% of the total import volume; The third category is daily necessities, including motorcycles, bicycles, jewelry and food, accounting for 21.9% of the total imports. All imported goods from Malaysia shall be subject to a 5% surcharge based on CIF value. Some basic goods such as fish, Cereals, salt, petroleum products, rubber, paper and printed products are exempt from additional tax. Excise taxes shall be levied on beer, alcohol and other beverages, cigarettes, gasoline, mineral oil and sugar, tires, cards, air conditioners, batteries, TV receivers, motor vehicles and motorcycles, matches and other commodities at ad valorem or specific volume.

1. Import documents.

(1) Commercial invoice: the original invoice used for tariff calculation shall be filled in and signed in English. The invoice must include the following items: mark, number, quantity and type of package, detailed commodity name, non-technical name or internal label code, gross weight and net weight, FOB, CIF fee and CIF price (if it belongs to different customs tariff items, each commodity must be separately indicated according to CIF price), delivery place and origin. The commodity description on the package must be consistent with that on the invoice. The invoice must be in triplicate.

(2) Certificate of origin certificate of origin is only for goods from federal countries.

(3) Bill of lading and ocean bill of lading need not be notarized. It is allowed to use the instruction bill of lading, but the address of a notified party shall be indicated.

2. Special provisions.

All details about the commodity description, metric weight and origin must be indicated on the label of the packed goods in Bahasa language. English is only allowed to be used in the second language. All packaged products must be printed with the following instructions: name of manufacturer, importer or wholesaler, origin, packaging content and product name. Food, medicine, livestock and meat must also be marked with health and quarantine provisions, including labeling provisions. Mark the following contents in Malaysian: country of origin, commodity description, weight, storage period, name and mailing address of the importer. The packaging of cigarettes must be printed with clear warnings of damage to health in the Mayan language.

3. Handling of unclaimed goods.

The goods that the buyer fails to pick up within the time limit can be kept in the customs warehouse for 21 days. If the consignee is notified after the time limit, the goods must be picked up within 7 days, or the customs will auction them. The auction proceeds will be used to pay the customs declaration fee, storage fee and all other expenses. The air cargo must be collected within 72 hours, or a high storage penalty will be imposed. If the goods are not received after 3 months, they will be returned.
Malaysia’s output of oil chemicals accounts for 20% of the world

From 2006 to 2020, the target of attracting investment in Malaysia’s chemical industry is US $10.6 billion, with an average annual growth rate of 6.9%. Malaysia is rich in oil and gas resources, with natural gas reserves ranking 14th in the world and oil reserves ranking 23rd in the world. Malaysia is also the third largest producer of liquefied natural gas in the world. Long term reliable and stable natural gas supply can ensure the sustainable growth of Malaysia’s petrochemical industry. Malaysia is currently an importer of petrochemical products and an exporter of petrochemical products. Oil chemicals are important chemicals in Malaysia.

Malaysian chemicals mainly include petrochemical products, inorganic and organic chemical raw materials, fertilizers and agricultural chemicals, food and feed additives, pharmaceutical chemicals, water treatment chemicals, papermaking chemicals, daily chemicals, pigments, dyes, inks and adhesives, catalysts, chemical equipment and instruments;

Cyclopentane in reagent bottle
Cyclopentane

A Blowing Agent for the Polyurethane Foams

by Manufacturers, Producers, Suppliers
Cyclopentane – A Blowing Agent for the Polyurethane Foams
Cyclopentane is usually used as a new, more environmentally friendly insulation material in the manufacture of select refrigerators and freezers.
Cyclopentane is a blowing agent for the polyurethane foams that are used to insulate refrigerators and freezers.
Unlike some other chemicals used to insulate refrigerators, cyclopentane does not contain hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs). Using cyclopentane results in significant reductions in equivalent CO2 emissions.
The most common foam-blowing agents currently used in the U.S. are R134a and R245fa. These industry-standard insulations can have a global warming potential (GWP) as high as 1300 (134a) and 950 (245a). In contrast, the foam-blowing agent cyclopentane has a GWP of approximately 10. When it comes to GWPs, the lower the number is, the better it is for the environment, so cyclopentane is clearly the more environmentally friendly choice.
Cyclopentane increases the efficiency of the insulation foam by approximately 4 percent over the R134a foam currently used in most refrigeration products.
Cyclopentane has been very popular as a blowing agent in Europe since the early 1990s, but the cost of retrofitting existing production facilities and the lack of U.S. regulations restricting the use of HFCs has delayed implementation in the U.S. However, there are other manufacturers currently selling refrigerators in the U.S. that use cyclopentane.
Compared to other insulating foams, cyclopentane is competitively priced and relatively easy to produce.
Like many gases, in its pure form, cyclopentane is a highly evaporative and flammable material. However once foamed, the unit is no more hazardous than a unit foamed with other blowing agents. As with any of our manufacturing processes, we’ve integrated a wide variety of redundant engineering and operational safeguards.

To view product details on Cyclopentane, click here.

Common questions about cyclopentane
Q: What is this new material being used in the foam insulation?
A: The new material is called cyclopentane, a highly evaporative gas that is used to apply the foam insulations in refrigeration units.
Q: What is cyclopentane?
A: Cyclopentane is a blowing agent for the polyurethane foams that are used to insulate refrigerators and freezers.
Q: What are the benefits of using cyclopentane instead of other materials?
A: From an environmental perspective, unlike some other chemicals used to insulate refrigerators, cyclopentane does not contain hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs). Using cyclopentane results in significant reductions in equivalent CO2 emissions.
Q: What foam-blowing agents are most commonly used in the U.S.? How is cyclopentane different?
A: The most common foam-blowing agents in the U.S. right now are R134a and R245fa. These two industry-standard insulations can have a global warming potential (GWP) as high as 1300 (134a) and 950 (245a). Comparatively, the foam-blowing agent cyclopentane has a GWP of approximately 10. When it comes to GWPs, the lower the number is, the less adverse impact on the environment, so cyclopentane is clearly a better choice.
Q: Are there significant insulating advantages, as well?
A: Yes, cyclopentane is approximately 4 percent more efficient than the R134a foam we currently use in most of our products.
Q: Do other refrigerators available in the U.S. market use cyclopentane?
A: There are other manufacturers currently selling refrigerators in the U.S. that use cyclopentane.
Q: Why hasn’t cyclopentane caught on in the United States?
A: It has been very popular as a blowing agent in Europe since the early 1990s, but the cost of retrofitting existing production facilities and the lack of U.S. regulations restricting the use of HFC’s has delayed implementation in the U.S.
Q: Is it more expensive than other insulating materials?
A: It is competitively priced and relatively easy to produce.
Q: Is it dangerous?
A: Like many gases, in its pure form, cyclopentane is a highly evaporative and flammable material. However once foamed, the unit is no more hazardous than a unit foamed with other blowing agents. As with any of our manufacturing processes, we’ve integrated a wide variety of redundant engineering and operational safeguards.

Packing & Delivery
1.Drum: 150kg/Drum
2.ISO Tank: 17MT/ISO Tank Container

Product Description
Items
Specification
Appearance
Colorless and transparent liquid
Density(20℃ g/cm3)
0.730~0.750
Cyclopentane, %(m/m)
≥98.00
N-pentane,Isopentane, %(m/m)
≤0.001
N-hexane, ppm
≤10
Water,ppm
≤150

Application

Cyclopentane is used as a solvent for solution polymerization such as polyisoprene rubber and a solvent for cellulose ether, as a thermal insulation material for refrigerators and freezers, as a foaming agent for other rigid PU foams, and as a standard material for chromatographic analysis.

Isopentane in brown reagent bottle
Isopentane

2-METHYLBUTANE (ISOPENTANE), IsoPentane (R601a)

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Isopentane
Formula: C5H12 or R601A, Isopentane is a colorless, flammable liquid with a mild gasoline odor. Isopentane has a wide variety of uses. It is a major component in gasoline and is used as an energy transfer medium in geothermal power production. It is heated and then vaporizes to drive turbines. Isopentane is used as a solvent capable of dissolving many organic compounds. It is also used as an aerosol propellant, replacing substances that are harmful to the ozone layer or have large greenhouse warming potentials. Isopentane can also be used as a refrigerant, again replacing substances that are harmful to the ozone layer or have large greenhouse warming potentials. And isopentane is used as a foam blowing agent for producing expanded polystyrene. It is used for cleaning of electronics.
Quick Details
Classification:
Isopentane
CAS No.:
78-78-4
EINECS No.:
201-142-8
Place of Origin:
Shandong, China
Grade Standard:
Industrial Grade
Purity:
≥95%
Appearance:
Colorless liquid
Application:
Solvent for catalyst in polyethylene production
Product name:
Isopentane
Color:
Colorless
Packing:
ISO Tank
MOQ:
5 MT

Product name Isopentane
CAS number 78-78-4
EINECS Number 201-142-8
Purity ≥98%
Achievement Standard Industrial Grade
Application

Solvent,Solvent for catalyst in polyethylene production,Foaming agent for expandable polystyrene,Foaming agent for polyurethane foam system, Deasphalting solvent
Appearance Colorless Liquid
Package T11 ISO Tank
Isopentane, CAS# 78-78-4

Isopentane in brown reagent bottle

PRODUCT SPECIFICATION
ISOPENTANE Formula : C5H12 
Isopentane  95 % % (weight)
Impurities :
n-Pentane content ≤ 2,6 % (weight)
Aromatic content ≤ 50 ppm (weight)
Benzene content ≤ 50 ppm (weight)
Bromine index ≤ 500 ppm (weight)
Non-volatile residue ≤ 10 g/m3
Sulphur ≤ 5 ppm (weight)
Moisture ≤ 100 ppm (weight)
The conformity of the product which is filled into the receptacles with the above mentioned specification is ensured by our quality, environment and safety management system according to ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001.