Tag pentane

n-Pentane is a simple organic compound that belongs to the family of alkanes. It has the chemical formula C5H12 and consists of five carbon atoms linked by single bonds, with each carbon atom attached to three hydrogen atoms. n-Pentane is one of the three isomers of pentane, which means that it has the same molecular formula but a different structure. The other two isomers are isopentane and neopentane, which have more branched structures.

n-Pentane is a colorless liquid at room temperature and pressure, with a characteristic odor of gasoline. It is highly flammable and volatile, meaning that it can easily catch fire and evaporate. It is also insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic solvents. n-Pentane has a boiling point of 36°C and a melting point of -130°C, making it one of the lowest boiling and melting alkanes.

n-Pentane is mainly used as a solvent, a fuel, and a chemical intermediate. As a solvent, it can dissolve various substances such as oils, fats, waxes, resins, and rubber. As a fuel, it can be blended with gasoline to increase its octane rating and reduce its emissions. As a chemical intermediate, it can be converted into other useful compounds such as isoprene, which is used to make synthetic rubber.

n-Pentane is also important for the production of refrigerants, which are substances that can absorb and release heat in cooling systems. n-Pentane is used to make hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are a type of refrigerant that have low ozone depletion potential and global warming potential. HFCs are widely used in air conditioners, refrigerators, and heat pumps.

n-Pentane is a common and versatile compound that has many applications in various industries. However, it also poses some risks to human health and the environment. Exposure to high levels of n-Pentane can cause irritation, drowsiness, headache, nausea, and loss of coordination. Inhalation of n-Pentane can also affect the nervous system and the lungs. n-Pentane can also contribute to air pollution and smog formation when it reacts with oxygen and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.

Therefore, it is important to handle n-Pentane with care and follow the safety precautions. n-Pentane should be stored in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated place, away from heat, sparks, and flames. n-Pentane should also be disposed of properly and not released into the environment. n-Pentane is a useful but hazardous substance that requires careful management and regulation.

Abstract: Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are widely used as fuels, solvents, and raw materials. In this article, we will explain how to calculate how much hydrocarbon you can fit in a 200-liter steel drum, using four examples: n-pentane, n-heptane, cyclopentane, and isohexane. We will use their densities and a safety filling factor of 95% to account for possible expansion or contraction due to temperature or pressure changes.

Keywords: hydrocarbons, density, net weight, safety filling factor, steel drum

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Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They have different shapes and sizes, which affect their physical and chemical properties. Some hydrocarbons are straight chains, such as n-pentane and n-heptane. Some are rings, such as cyclopentane. Some have branches, such as isohexane. These hydrocarbons are widely used as fuels, solvents, and raw materials for various industries.

But how much hydrocarbon can you fit in a 200-liter steel drum? This is an important question for storing and transporting hydrocarbons safely and efficiently. To answer this question, we need to know two things: the density and the safety filling factor of the hydrocarbon.

The density of a substance is the mass per unit volume. It is usually expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL) or kilograms per liter (kg/L). The density of a hydrocarbon depends on its molecular structure, temperature, and pressure. For this article, we will use the density values at 20°C and 1 atm, which are available from various sources¹²³⁴.

The safety filling factor is the percentage of the drum volume that can be safely filled with the hydrocarbon. We cannot fill the drum completely, because the hydrocarbon may expand or contract due to temperature or pressure changes. This could cause the drum to leak or burst, which could be dangerous and wasteful. Therefore, we need to leave some empty space in the drum to allow for possible expansion or contraction. For this article, we will use a safety filling factor of 95%, which means that we will fill the drum with 95% of its volume.

The net weight of a hydrocarbon in a drum is the mass of the hydrocarbon that fills the drum. To calculate the net weight, we need to multiply the volume of the drum by the density of the hydrocarbon and by the safety filling factor. The formula is:

$$W = V \times D \times F$$

where W is the net weight in kilograms (kg), V is the volume of the drum in liters (L), D is the density of the hydrocarbon in kilograms per liter (kg/L), and F is the safety filling factor as a decimal number (0.95).

The volume of a drum is the space that it occupies. It is usually expressed in liters (L) or cubic meters (m^3^). The volume of a drum depends on its shape and size. For this article, we will assume that the drum is cylindrical, with a height of 0.9 m and a diameter of 0.6 m. The volume of a cylindrical drum can be calculated by multiplying the area of the base by the height. The area of the base is the area of a circle, which can be calculated by multiplying pi (π) by the square of the radius. The radius is half of the diameter. Therefore, the volume of the drum is:

$$V = \pi r^2 h$$

$$V = \pi (0.3)^2 (0.9)$$

$$V = 0.254 m^3$$

$$V = 254 L$$

Now, we can calculate the net weight of each hydrocarbon in the drum, using the formula and the density values from the sources. The results are:

• The net weight of n-pentane in the drum is:

$$W = 254 \times 0.626 \times 0.95$$

$$W = 150.7 kg$$

• The net weight of n-heptane in the drum is:

$$W = 254 \times 0.679 \times 0.95$$

$$W = 164.1 kg$$

• The net weight of cyclopentane in the drum is:

$$W = 254 \times 0.746 \times 0.95$$

$$W = 180.1 kg$$

• The net weight of isohexane in the drum is:

$$W = 254 \times 0.659 \times 0.95$$

$$W = 159.1 kg$$

In conclusion, we have explained how to calculate how much hydrocarbon you can fit in a 200-liter steel drum, using four examples: n-pentane, n-heptane, cyclopentane, and isohexane. We have used their densities and a safety filling factor of 95% to account for possible expansion or contraction due to temperature or pressure changes. This article can help us understand how to store and transport hydrocarbons safely and efficiently.

Abstract: Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a widely used material for insulation, construction, and packaging applications. However, RPUF has some drawbacks, such as high flammability, low thermal stability, and environmental issues. To overcome these problems, researchers have explored the use of isoamyl and cyclopentane blends as blowing agents for RPUF. Blowing agents are substances that create gas bubbles in the foam, affecting its density, thermal conductivity, and mechanical properties. Isoamyl and cyclopentane are both hydrocarbons that have low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and global warming potential (GWP), making them more eco-friendly than conventional blowing agents. Moreover, they can improve the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical strength of RPUF. This article introduces the basic concepts of RPUF and blowing agents, and reviews the recent studies on the effects of isoamyl and cyclopentane blends on the properties and performance of RPUF.

Keywords: rigid polyurethane foam, blowing agent, isoamyl, cyclopentane, thermal conductivity, flame retardancy

Abstract:

Pipeline insulation is a technique that aims to reduce the heat loss and prevent the freezing of fluids in pipelines. Pipeline insulation is widely used in various industries, such as oil and gas, chemical, power, and water supply. Pipeline insulation can improve the energy efficiency, safety, and reliability of the pipeline system.

One of the main materials used for pipeline insulation is polyurethane foam (PUF), which is a type of thermosetting polymer that has excellent thermal and mechanical properties. PUF is formed by the reaction of polyol and isocyanate, which are mixed with a blowing agent that creates bubbles in the foam. The blowing agent determines the density, thermal conductivity, and environmental impact of the PUF.

Cyclopentane is a hydrocarbon that has been widely used as a blowing agent for PUF in recent years. Cyclopentane has many advantages over other blowing agents, such as low ozone depletion potential (ODP), low global warming potential (GWP), high solubility in polyol, and low cost. Cyclopentane can also enhance the flame retardancy and aging resistance of the PUF.

In this article, we will introduce the principle and process of pipeline insulation, the properties and advantages of cyclopentane as a blowing agent, and the challenges and solutions of using cyclopentane in pipeline insulation. We will also review the current status and future prospects of cyclopentane in pipeline insulation.

Keywords: pipeline insulation, polyurethane foam, cyclopentane, blowing agent, energy efficiency

Excerpt:

Molecular sieve dewaxing (MSDW) is a process that uses zeolite catalysts to selectively convert long-chain n-paraffins into isoparaffins, thereby reducing the pour point and cloud point of diesel and lubricating oil. MSDW is an alternative to conventional solvent dewaxing, which has high energy consumption and environmental pollution.

One of the key factors affecting the performance of MSDW is the choice of desorbent, which is used to regenerate the catalyst after the reaction. Desorbent should have a low boiling point, a high selectivity for n-paraffins, and a low solubility in the product oil. Among various candidates, n-pentane has been widely used as a desorbent in MSDW due to its advantages of low cost, easy availability, and high efficiency.

n-Pentane can effectively desorb the n-paraffins from the catalyst pores and restore the catalyst activity. n-Pentane can also improve the product quality by reducing the aromatics and sulfur content in the product oil. Moreover, n-pentane can be easily separated from the product oil by distillation, and recycled for reuse in the process.

In this article, we will introduce the principle and mechanism of MSDW, the properties and advantages of n-pentane as a desorbent, and the optimization and control of the process parameters. We will also review the recent developments and challenges of MSDW, and provide some suggestions for future research.

Expandable polystyrene (EPS) is a type of thermoplastic foam that can be expanded by heating to form various shapes and sizes of products. EPS is composed of polystyrene beads or granules that contain a blowing agent and other additives. The most commonly used blowing agent for EPS is pentane, a low-boiling hydrocarbon that can generate gas bubbles when heated.

EPS has many advantages, such as low density, good thermal insulation, sound absorption, shock resistance, water resistance, acid and alkali resistance, etc. EPS is widely used in packaging, insulation, food containers, furniture, appliances, and automotive industries.

Pentane is a colorless, flammable, and volatile liquid that belongs to the alkane family. Pentane has three isomers: n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. Pentane is mainly used as a solvent, a fuel, and a blowing agent for EPS and other foams.

The global production of pentane is dominated by a few leading companies, such as Shell, ExxonMobil, Chevron, BP, Junyuan Petroleum Group and Total. These companies have advanced technologies, large-scale facilities, and extensive distribution networks to meet the growing demand for pentane, especially in the emerging markets of Asia and Africa.

n-Pentane is a hydrocarbon that has various applications in the industrial sector, such as solvent, fuel, and blowing agent for foam production. It is also a component of natural gas and gasoline. In UAE and Dubai, there are several suppliers and manufacturers of n-Pentane, such as Oberoi Refining, SIO365, and LuLu Hypermarket. However, one of the most prominent and reliable suppliers is Junyuan Petroleum Group, a global leader in the production and distribution of Pentanes, Hexanes, and Heptanes.

Junyuan Petroleum Group is a Chinese company that was founded in 2006 and has seven subsidiaries that cover a complete petroleum finishing industry chain. The company has a state-of-the-art, purpose-built manufacturing facility in Shandong, where it produces a wide range of specialty solvents in bulk. Junyuan Petroleum Group also has a subsidiary plant in Xinjiang, where it produces Sodium Methoxide, another important chemical product. The company has a specialist export division that delivers high-quality chemicals to customers in Africa, the Americas, Middle East and Asia, including UAE and Dubai.

Junyuan Petroleum Group offers n-Pentane products with different purity levels, ranging from 95% to 99%. The company also provides n-Pentane blends with Isopentane for different applications, such as geothermal power stations and hair care products. Junyuan Petroleum Group’s n-Pentane products have unrivaled consistency and uniformity, and meet the highest standards of quality and safety. The company also provides convenient and efficient logistics and dedicated after-sales service to its customers.

Junyuan Petroleum Group is a trusted source for chemical solvents and a leading supplier of n-Pentane in UAE and Dubai. For more information, please visit their website or contact them directly.

Summary:

Pentane is a flammable organic compound with the chemical formula C5H12. It has a density of 0.626 g/cm³ and is used as a solvent, a reference liquid for gas chromatography, and a raw material for synthetic rubber and other chemicals. ISO Tank container is a type of intermodal container that is designed to transport liquids, gases, and powders in bulk. It is built according to ISO standards and can carry up to 26,000 liters of liquid. ISO Tank container has a safety filling factor of 95%, which means that the container should not be filled more than 95% of its capacity to allow for thermal expansion and prevent overpressure. A 25 cubic meter ISO Tank container can hold up to 14.725 tons of pentane safely. Pentane and ISO Tank container are a safe and efficient way to transport liquids, as they offer high reliability, low environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness.

Article:

Pentane is a simple hydrocarbon that belongs to the family of alkanes. It has five carbon atoms and 12 hydrogen atoms, arranged in a straight chain. Pentane is one of the three isomers of C5H12, the others being isopentane and neopentane, which have different structures and properties. Pentane is a colorless, transparent liquid at room temperature and pressure, with a boiling point of 36 °C and a melting point of -130 °C. It has a characteristic gasoline-like odor and is highly flammable. Pentane can form explosive mixtures with air and can be ignited by sparks, flames, or static electricity.

Pentane has various applications in industry and science. It is used as a solvent for organic substances, such as fats, oils, waxes, and resins. It is also used as a reference liquid for gas chromatography, a technique that separates and analyzes the components of a mixture based on their volatility and polarity. Pentane is a raw material for the synthesis of rubber, plastics, pharmaceuticals, and other chemicals. For example, pentane can be converted to isoprene, a monomer for natural and synthetic rubber, by a process called dehydrogenation. Pentane can also be used as a blowing agent for polystyrene foam, a refrigerant for low-temperature applications, and a fuel for internal combustion engines.

ISO Tank container is a special type of container that is designed to transport liquids, gases, and powders in bulk. It is also known as a tank container, a tanktainer, or an ISO tank. ISO Tank container is made of stainless steel and is surrounded by an insulation and protective layer of polyurethane and aluminum. The container is fitted inside a steel frame that conforms to the ISO standards, making it suitable for different modes of transportation, such as road, rail, and sea. The frame is 6.05 meters long, 2.4 meters wide, and 2.4 or 2.55 meters high. The capacity of the container ranges from 17,500 to 26,000 liters, depending on the type and density of the cargo.

ISO Tank container can transport both hazardous and non-hazardous products, such as chemicals, fuels, food, and water. ISO Tank container has several advantages over other modes of liquid transportation, such as drums, barrels, or flexitanks. ISO Tank container is more reliable and safer, as it is built to withstand high pressure and damage, and has a low risk of leakage and contamination. ISO Tank container is more environmentally friendly, as it can be reused and recycled, and has a low carbon footprint. ISO Tank container is more cost-effective, as it reduces the packaging, handling, and storage costs, and optimizes the loading and unloading efficiency.

One of the important parameters for ISO Tank container is the safety filling factor, which is the ratio of the maximum volume of liquid that can be loaded into the container to the total volume of the container. The safety filling factor depends on the type and temperature of the liquid, and the ambient conditions. The safety filling factor is usually 95%, which means that the container should not be filled more than 95% of its capacity. This is to allow for thermal expansion of the liquid and prevent overpressure and rupture of the container. For example, a 25 cubic meter ISO Tank container can hold up to 23.75 cubic meters of liquid safely. If the liquid is pentane, which has a density of 0.626 g/cm³, the maximum weight of pentane that can be loaded into the ISO Tank container is 14.725 tons.

Pentane and ISO Tank container are a safe and efficient way to transport liquids, as they offer high reliability, low environmental impact, and cost-effectiveness. Pentane and ISO Tank container can be used to transport various products, such as solvents, fuels, and chemicals, across different regions and countries. Pentane and ISO Tank container are examples of how science and technology can improve the quality and convenience of life.

Hello everyone, today we are going to talk about a chemical substance called pentane, which is a foaming agent used to prepare phenolic foam. It can make phenolic resin produce bubbles when heated, forming a lightweight foam material. Phenolic foam is a common insulation material, widely used in construction, industry, transportation and other fields, with good thermal insulation, sound insulation, fire resistance, corrosion resistance and other properties. So, how does pentane work? What are its advantages and disadvantages? Let’s take a look.

What is pentane?

Pentane is a colorless liquid, with the chemical formula C5H12, belonging to the alkanes class of organic compounds. It has a boiling point of 36°C, a density of 0.63g/mL, and a combustion heat of 44.8MJ/kg. Pentane is a flammable and explosive substance, which will burn or explode when exposed to fire or static electricity. Therefore, safety protection and fire prevention measures should be taken when using and storing it, avoiding contact with fire and static electricity, as well as excessive inhalation and contact.

How does pentane foam?

Pentane is a physical foaming agent, and its foaming principle is to use its volatility and compressibility. When pentane is mixed with phenolic resin, it forms a uniform mixture, in which pentane exists in the resin in a liquid form. When this mixture is heated to a certain temperature, pentane will evaporate rapidly, producing a large amount of gas, which will form countless small bubbles in the resin, thus making the resin expand into foam. At the same time, the resin will undergo cross-linking reaction at high temperature, making the foam structure solidify, forming a stable foam material.

What are the advantages of pentane?

Pentane, as a foaming agent, has the following advantages:

• Lightweight: Pentane has a small density, only half of that of water, so it can reduce the density of phenolic foam, thus reducing the weight of the foam, facilitating transportation and installation.
• Efficient: Pentane has a low boiling point, only 36°C, so it can foam at a lower temperature, thus saving energy and improving production efficiency.
• Clean: Pentane has a strong volatility, it will completely evaporate during the foaming process, and will not remain in the foam, so it will not affect the performance and stability of the foam, nor will it cause pollution to the environment and human body.

What are the disadvantages of pentane?

Pentane, as a foaming agent, also has the following disadvantages:

• Dangerous: Pentane is a flammable and explosive substance, it will burn or explode when exposed to fire or static electricity, so safety protection and fire prevention measures should be taken when using and storing it, avoiding contact with fire and static electricity, as well as excessive inhalation and contact.
• Harmful: Pentane is an organic solvent, it has a certain irritation and toxicity to the human body, long-term or large amount of inhalation or contact can cause dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing and other symptoms, and may also cause damage to the liver, kidney, nervous system and other organs.

Summary

Pentane is a lightweight and efficient foaming agent, it can make phenolic resin produce bubbles when heated, forming a lightweight foam material. Pentane has its own advantages and disadvantages, and safety and health should be paid attention to when using it. Pentane is a useful chemical substance, worthy of our understanding and utilization. I hope this article can help you better understand pentane, if you have any questions or needs, please feel free to communicate with me. 

Maleic anhydride is an important organic compound that has many applications in various industries, such as making unsaturated polyester resins, lubricant additives, coatings, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. It is a white solid with a pungent odor and a five-membered ring structure with two carbonyl groups and a double bond. It can be produced from different feedstocks, such as benzene, n-butane, or bio-based materials. In this article, we will focus on how to make maleic anhydride from pentane, a hydrocarbon with five carbon atoms.

Why Pentane?

Pentane is a cheap and abundant feedstock that can be obtained from natural gas or crude oil. It has two isomers: n-pentane and cyclopentane. N-pentane is a straight-chain molecule, while cyclopentane is a ring-shaped molecule. Both of them can be used to make maleic anhydride, but they have different advantages and disadvantages.

N-pentane has a higher reactivity than cyclopentane, which means it can convert more easily to maleic anhydride. However, it also has a higher tendency to form unwanted by-products, such as carbon dioxide, acrylic acid, and formic acid. These by-products lower the yield and quality of maleic anhydride and increase the cost of purification.

Cyclopentane has a lower reactivity than n-pentane, which means it needs more severe reaction conditions to convert to maleic anhydride. However, it also has a lower tendency to form unwanted by-products, which means it can produce a higher yield and quality of maleic anhydride and reduce the cost of purification.

Therefore, the choice of pentane isomer depends on the trade-off between reactivity and selectivity. A possible solution is to use a mixture of n-pentane and cyclopentane, which can balance the benefits and drawbacks of both isomers.

How to Make Maleic Anhydride from Pentane?

The process of making maleic anhydride from pentane involves three main steps: oxidation, absorption, and dehydration. The following diagram shows a simplified flow chart of the process:.

Source:
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