A blowing agent is a substance which is capable of producing a cellular structure via a foaming process in a variety of materials that undergo hardening or phase transition, such as polymers, plastics, and metals. They are typically applied when the blown material is in a liquid stage. The cellular structure in a matrix reduces density, increasing thermal and acoustic insulation, while increasing relative stiffness of the original polymer.

Blowing agents are additives used in the manufacture of foamed plastics, which have the advantage of lightness, contribute to material and cost savings, and are distinguished by the fact that they are thermally insulating. Blowing agents usually create fine and regular cellular structures during polymer processing.

Blowing agent plays a fundamental role in the production of polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulations foam. A small quantity of blowing agent indirectly provides important performance characteristics to these foams as great thermal insulation properties.

The global warming potential (GWP) of the blowing agents used to manufacture insulation products like polyiso insulation can be an important consideration when assessing each product’s environmental impacts. Blowing agents function to increase the final thermal resistance or R-value of foam insulation, and also help to facilitate the manufacturing or foaming process.  

Manufacturers of laminated insulation products in North America use #pentane or #pentane #blends in their production processes. Pentane is a hydrocarbon with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low-GWP. Manufacturers have utilized pentane technologies in product formulations for over 20 years.

Pentane has a GWP value of less than 10, which means that insulation products produced and sold in North America comply with climate regulations that limit the manufacture or installation of products produced with higher-GWP substances (including products manufactured with hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or blends thereof). Therefore, architects and contractors can continue to specify insulation products manufactured by PIMA members with confidence in both the industry’s performance and environmental scorecard.

Blowing agents can allow the polymer processor to achieve weight reduction and use less raw materials by introducing a finely controlled cell structure within the polymer. With the endothermic blowing agents, as part of their functionality, they will absorb heat energy from their surroundings.

Foam blowing agents encompass a wide variety of applications including refrigerators, buildings, automobiles, furniture, packaging, and many more. The blowing agent is used to create a cellular structure from liquid plastic resin, and in the case of foam used for insulation it functions as an insulating component of the foam.

When it comes to blowing agents, a controlled foam structure makes your production process go a lot smoother

Not only do blowing agents expand up to 60 times in volume, they also provide:

• highly controlled foaming
• closed, uniform cell structure
• guards against water penetration
• create internal pressure to combat shrinkage.

Blowing agent plays a fundamental role in the production of polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulations foam. A small quantity of blowing agent indirectly provides important performance characteristics to these foams as great thermal insulation properties.

Blowing agents can allow the polymer processor to achieve weight reduction and use less raw materials by introducing a finely controlled cell structure within the polymer. With the endothermic blowing agents, as part of their functionality, they will absorb heat energy from their surroundings.

What is EPS

Polystyrene is one of the most widely used kinds of plastic. It is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, it melts if heated and becomes solid again when cool.

Polystyrene is most commonly found in three forms. Rigid Polystyrene (PS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Extruded Polystyrene (XPS).

Rigid polystyrene has many applications including disposable cutlery, cd cases, video/casette casings, components for plastic model toys as well as some margarine and yoghurt containers.  Extruded polystyrene foam has good insulating properties making it important as a non-structural construction material.  XPS is sold under the trademark Styrofoam by Dow Chemical, however this term is often used informally for other foamed polystyrene products.

How to produce foam?

Expandable Polystyrene / EPS:

This is PS Foam that uses Pentane gas (C5H12) as the blowing agent. During the material production process called “Polymerisation” the polystyrene resin granules impregnated with the blowing agent. EPS production processes begin in the pre-expansion process where the EPS bead will expand by the heat of steam usually 50 times in volume. The next step in the process is moulding process where expanded foam bead will be heated again with steam then they expand further until they fuse together, forming as foam products.

There are mainly 2 types of EPS moulding machines;

• Shape moulding machine that produce various shapes of foam products according to the molds such as icebox, helmet and packaging foam.
• Block moulding machine that produce block foam and sheet foam Expanded EPS foam bead contains 98% air per volume, only 2% is plastic. This make EPS foam very light weight, has low thermal conductivity because air is the best insulation, high compressive strength and excellent shock absorption. These properties make EPS to be ideal material for packaging and construction.

Polystyrene Paper (PSP):

This is a PS Foam which is produced by extruding process as another plastic. Production process start when put polystyrene resin pellets into the extruder that heated by electric. Foaming process occur at the end of extruder where the blowing agent, butane (C4H10) gas react with the melt plastic then become foam. The melted polystyrene foam is then extended as sheet then rolled as paper roll, that is why it is commonly known as “Polystyrene Paper”. The polystyrene foam sheet or polystyrene paper can be produced as many shape according to the mould by thermal forming process such as food tray, cups, bow, and food box.

There’s no any CFC’s in PS foam

Both EPS and PSP contain 95 -98 % air another 2-5% is polystyrene which is pure hydrocarbon. CFC’s is Chlorofluorocarbons which is totally different in its chemical structure from polystyrene. CFC’s has very low blowing point and uneasy to be maintained in EPS beads. Therefore, EPS Foam never use CFC’s at any stage of its production. The blowing agent used since EPS Foam was first introduced in 1952 by BASF  is Pentane gas which, does not contain any chlorine atoms as CFC’s. PSP Foam in the beginning used CFC’s as blowing agent. In the past two decades CFC’s are gradually phased out from plastics and refrigerator industries. PSP moulders in Thailand already use Butane (C4H10) as the blowing agent since the last 15 years. Butane gas is the gas that we use at home for cooking. The blowing agents that use in producing PS Foam are Pentane and Butane, which are pure hydrocarbon as polystyrene. They belong to the same chemical family, the paraffin series as methane, ethane, and propane gas.

How to manage the EPS foam waste

Apart from recycling by melting and compacting, there are many ways to manage the EPS waste as the followings:

• Crush in to small particle and mix with soil. Foam waste will improve ventilation in the soil, organic substances in the soil will become easier the humus.
• Mixing the crushed bead with cement to reduce the weight and increase insulation properties.
• Combustion at 1000 C with sufficient air supplies in to generate heat. Burning EPS require no any additional fuel, in fact EPS can replace the fuel normally required for combustion, l kg of EPS saves 1 kg = 1.2 – 1.4 Litre of fuel oil.

The Recycling of PS:

Since both EPS and PSP Foam are made of Polystyrene, which is thermoplastic, so that it will become again a polystyrene plastic when recycled. AMEPS members recycle both EPS and PSP Foam by first crushing into small particle then melting or compacting it. Melting can be done by heated roller, disk or screw extruders, where the regrind scraps is heated usually by electrical power for some time above the melting temperature. Compacting can be done by rotary compactors where pressure and frictional force create heat below melting temperature to soften the regrind scraps for only few seconds. This method also called “agglomeration”.PS pallet from recycled foam will be produced in various kinds of plastic products e.g. video and tape cassette and ruler. The other way to reuse EPS Foam is to mix the regrind beads with the new expanded bead for re-production in moulding process.

Full Name: n-Pentane

Category: Organic > High Purity Compounds > Alkanes

Synonym: Pentane
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)3CH3
Molecular Weight: 72.15
CAS Number: 109-66-0

Shelf Life on Ship Date: 24 Months – Store in a freezer at -18°C or below

Certification: ISO 9001 ✔

We are specialists in manufacturing of the following product lines:

n-Pentane, 95%, 99%, CAS 109-66-0
Isopentane, 95%, 99%, CAS #: 78-78-4
n-Hexane, 60%, 80%, 95%, 99%, CAS 110-54-3
Isohexane, 99%, CAS Number 107-83-5, CAS Number 92112-69-1
n-Heptane, 99%, CAS 142-82-5
n-Octane, 99%, CAS Number: 111-65-9
D20 Solvent, 111-65-9
Pentane Blend Specifications:
n-Pentane 80% – Isopentane 20%
n-Pentane, 60% – Isopentane, 40%
n-Pentane 70% – Isopentane 30%
Customized Ratios of Pentane Blends available

Our NEW Products:
PBAT Resin, CAS No. 55231-08-8
PBS Resin, CAS No. 25777-14-4

Junyuan Petroleum Group is well recognized as a world leader in production of custom-made solutions according to the specific requirements of our customers.

Our Quality

Each standard is rigorously tested and analyzed as a finished product and accompanied with a certificate of analysis and material safety data documentation. Our products are manufactured under quality management system which has been introduced to the requirements of ISO 17034:2016 ‘General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Materials Producers’certifies that we meet every requirement for the competence in the very specific field of Reference Material Production

In addition to being a component of natural gas, pentane has numerous industrial uses. Primarily, pentane is used to create a blowing agent which is then used to create a foam known as polystyrene. Polystyrene is used to make insulation materials for refrigerators and heating pipes.

Pentane is an organic compound which is a clear colourless liquid. The odour of pentane is similar to petroleum. It is less dense than the water and is insoluble in water. It is also known as quintane and n-pentane. The rotatable bond count of pentane is 2.

Molecular formula C₅H₁₂

Linear formula CH₃(CH₂)₃CH₃

The Simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) CCCCC

Properties Of Pentane
The properties of pentane are similar to butane and hexane. Following is the table of properties of pentane:

IUPAC name pentane
Molecular formula C5H12
Molecular mass 72.151 g/mol
Melting point -130.5 to -129.1℃
Boiling point 35.9 to 36.3℃
Density 0.626 g/mL
Appearance Colourless liquid
Refractive index 1.358
Viscosity 0.240 mPa.s at 20℃

Isomers Of Pentane
There are three structural isomers of pentane and they are:

n-pentane is the first isomer which is a straight chain with a normal structure of pentane.
2-methylbutane is the second isomer which is a branched-chain structure in which one carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms.
2,2-dimethylpropane is the third isomer which is a branched-chain structure in the central carbon atom is connected to four other carbon atoms.
Uses Of Pentane
It is used in the production of polystyrene foam.
Isopentane which is obtained by acid-catalysed isomerisation is used in producing high-octane fuels.
It is used in geothermal power stations as a working medium in Rankine cycle.
It is also used in liquid chromatography.
At room temperature, pentanes are volatile liquid and inexpensive. They are used as a laboratory solvent.
To learn more about Chemistry related concepts, stay tuned with Junyuan Petroleum Group

Terminal demand for pentane is slowing, and there is a risk of overcapacity in the industry.

Pentane is a fine chemical product. There are three isomers. They are pentane, isopentane and cyclopentane. They are mainly used in polyurethane foam, EPS foaming agent and new type hydrocarbon refrigerant in air conditioning and refrigerator. The upstream of pentane industry chain is the by-product from cracking of natural gas condensate, oil field light hydrocarbon and light naphtha ethylene plant, and the main product of C5 is cyclopentadiene. The downstream is the application market, mainly focusing on polyurethane foaming agent, EPS foaming agent, linear low density polyethylene solvent and other fields.
Due to the different structures and properties of n-pentane, isopentane and cyclopentane, their application fields are quite different. N-pentane can be isomerized to produce isopentane, and can also be used as foaming agent. It can also be used in low temperature thermometer, artificial ice, anesthetic, and pentanol synthesis. Isopentane is an important admixture to improve octane number of gasoline, and is also an important raw material for isoprene production. It can also be dehydrogenated, chlorinated, and hydrolyzed to produce isopentene, isoprene, and isopentanol, which are organically synthesized Cyclopentane is mainly used in organic synthesis and intermediate of fine chemicals, and its market demand is low at present.

According to the comprehensive market research and investment analysis report of pentane industry in China 2020-2024 issued by China Industrial Research Center It shows that the pentane terminal market is home appliances, building materials, packaging and other industries. In recent years, the above three industries present different development trends. Among them, due to the rapid development of package delivery industry, the demand of packaging industry is strong; however, the development of home appliances and construction industry is relatively slow, and the demand for pentane is declining. In general, in recent years, the pentane demand presents a fluctuating growth state, and the growth rate is slow. In 2019, the pentane industry demand in China is 273000 tons, and the market scale reaches 1.83 billion yuan, of which isopentane is the largest, accounting for 45%; followed by n-pentane, accounting for 39%; cyclopentane and other products, accounting for 16%.
The raw materials for pentane production are mainly in the hands of petrochemical refineries. The representative enterprises are PetroChina, Sinopec, etc. with their own raw material advantages, they have a high market share. Pentane production enterprises need to purchase raw materials from large petrochemical refineries for processing, so considering transportation conditions and costs, most pentane production enterprises are located near large petrochemical refineries, mainly in Shandong Province, and East China currently accounts for more than 50% of the production capacity. At present, the leading enterprise of pentane production in China is Junyuan Petroleum Group.

These 95% and 99% CP (chemically pure) n-Pentane (by Junyuan Petroleum Group ) are of purity suitable for use in general applications as a non-polar solvent. n-Pentane is a relatively light, straight, five-membered alkane useful for extraction and is easily evaporated and recovered.

These products are shipped in a 125kg drum or 14.5MT ISO Tank.

CONTAINS

C5H12 CAS No. 109-66-0 MW 72.15

TEST SPECIFICATION

Appearance: Colorless
Assay (by GC): min 95.0%
Water (H2O): max 0.02%

Balances are calibrated regularly with weights certified traceable to the NIST national mass standard. All products are prepared according to master documents that assure manufacture according to validated methods. Batch records document traceability and production history for each lot manufactured.

The Certificate of Analysis is designed to comply with ISO Guide 31 “Reference Materials — Contents of Certificates and Labels.”

n-Pentane can be used to prepare isopentane and can also be used as extractant. Foaming agent of polystyrene, lubricant of liquid air. It is used for low temperature thermometers, making ice, anesthetics and synthesizing amyl alcohol. Isopentane is a mixture to improve the octane number of “lead-free” gasoline. It is also the raw material for isoprene production. Isopentene and isoprene can be prepared by dehydrogenation, and isoamyl alcohol can be obtained by chlorination and hydrolysis. When the content of n-Pentane in the product is more than 95% (WT), it can be used as the desorption agent of molecular sieve dewaxing process. The product can meet the requirements of different foaming degrees after blending with different proportions of isopentane. It can be used as an efficient foaming agent for expandable polystyrene.

Overall, in recent years, pentane demand shows a fluctuating growth state, with a slow growth rate. In 2021, the demand of China’s pentane industry is 363,000 tons, and the market scale reaches 1.96 billion yuan, of which the scale of Isopentane is the largest, accounting for 46%; n-Pentane is the second, accounting for 40%; Cyclopentane and other products account for 14%.

There are three isomers of pentane, namely n-pentane, isopentane and neopentane. The physical and chemical properties of the three substances are different, so they can be separated and purified by physical methods.

At present, the annual consumption of pentane in China is nearly 66 KT, of which the consumption of EPS pentane foaming agent is about 30 kt / A, accounting for 45% of the total consumption; the consumption of pentane for polyurethane is 33 kt / A, accounting for 50% of the total consumption; the consumption of pentane carrier solvent of linear low density polyethylene is 3 kt / A, accounting for 5% of the total consumption.

The market size of cyclopentane is estimated to be $242.4 million in 2018 and is expected to reach $335.7 million by 2023, with a compound annual growth rate of 6.7%. According to the in-depth study report on the global and Chinese Cyclopentane industry in 2018-2023 issued by New World industry research, the market growth can be attributed to the increased use of cyclopentane in residential and commercial refrigerator applications.

Isopentane is a mixture to improve the octane number of “lead-free” gasoline. It is also the raw material for isoprene production. Isopentene and isoprene can be prepared by dehydrogenation, and isoamyl alcohol can be obtained by chlorination and hydrolysis.

Our n-Pentane product features: using high-quality light hydrocarbon raw materials, high purity and stable quality. Sales inquiries: info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com

CAS 109-66-0 n-Pentane – Basic Information
CAS：109-66-0
Chinese Name: 正戊烷
English Name: n-Pentane
Chinese alias: pentane; n-pentane;
English alias:
Molecular formula: C5H12
Molecular weight: 72.15

109-66-0 n-pentane – physicochemical properties
[density]: 0.6 ± 0.1 g / cm
[boiling point]: 35.2 ± 3.0 ℃ at 760 mmHg
[melting point]: – 130 ° C
[flash point]: – 49.4 ± 0.0 ℃
[ LogP ]：3.41
[appearance character]: transparent colorless liquid
[steam pressure]: 526.7 ± 0.0 mmHg at 25 ℃
[storage condition]:
Store in a cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. The storage temperature should not exceed 29 ℃. Keep the container sealed. It should be stored separately from oxidant and should not be mixed. Explosion proof lighting and ventilation facilities are adopted. It is forbidden to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to produce sparks. The storage area shall be equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment and appropriate materials.
[stability]:

1. Pentane is aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon with stable chemical properties and does not react with acid and alkali at normal temperature and pressure. The mixture of propylene, butene, isobutene, butane and isopropane is produced by pyrolysis at high temperature above 600 ℃ or in the presence of appropriate catalyst. Aluminum trichloride was used as catalyst for isomerization to produce 2-methylbutane.
2. Stability
3. Strong oxidant, strong acid, strong base and halogen are prohibited
4. Polymerization hazard does not polymerize
   [molecular structure]:
5. Molar refractive index: 25.21
6. Molar volume (cm 3 / mol): 111.0
7. Isotonic specific volume (90.2k): 231.0
8. Surface tension (dyne / cm): 18.7
9. Polarizability (10 ⁻ cm ⁴ 3): 9.99
   [computational chemistry]:
10. Reference value of hydrophobic parameter calculation (xlogp): none
11. Number of hydrogen bond donors: 0
12. Number of hydrogen bonded receptors: 0
13. Number of rotatable chemical bonds: 2
14. Number of tautomers: none
15. Topological molecular polar surface area 0
16. Number of heavy atoms: 5
17. Surface charge: 0
18. Complexity: 7.5
19. Number of isotope atoms: 0
20. Determine the number of atomic conformation centers: 0
21. Number of uncertain atomic conformation centers: 0
22. Determine the number of chemical bond conformation centers: 0
23. Number of uncertain chemical bond conformation centers: 0
24. Number of covalent bond units: 1
    [more]:
25. Character: colorless liquid, with faint mint flavor.
26. Melting point (℃): – 129.8
27. Boiling point (℃): 36.1
28. Relative density (water = 1): 0.63
29. Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.48
30. Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 53.32 (18.5 ℃)
31. Heat of combustion (kJ / mol): – 3245
32. Critical temperature (℃): 196.6
33. Critical pressure (MPA): 3.37
34. Octanol / water partition coefficient: 3.39
35. Flash point (℃): – 48 (TOC)
36. Ignition temperature (℃): 260
37. Upper explosion limit (%): 7.8
38. Lower explosion limit (%): 1.5
    Solubility: slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents.
39. Body expansion coefficient: 0.001569
40. Viscosity (20 ℃, liquid) / MPa · s: 0.29
41. Aniline point / ℃: 70.7
42. Critical density (g · cm-3): 0.232
43. Critical volume (cm 3 · mol-1): 311
44. Critical compressibility factor: 0.268
45. Eccentricity factor: 0.249
46. Lennard Jones parameter (a): 5.7634
47. Lennard Jones parameter (k): 344.70
48. Solubility parameter (J · cm-3) 0.5:14.439
49. Van der Waals area (cm ﹤ mol-1): 8.290 × 109
50. Van der Waals volume (cm 3 · mol-1): 58.030
51. Standard gas phase combustion heat (enthalpy) (kJ · mol-1): – 3535.73
52. Vapor standard enthalpy (kJ · mol-1): – 146.82
    Gas phase standard entropy (J · mol-1 · k-1): 349.56
53. Gas phase standard free energy of formation (kJ · mol-1): – 8.6
54. Gas phase standard hot melt (J · mol-1 · k-1): 120.04
55. Standard heat of combustion (enthalpy) (kJ · mol-1): – 3509.00
56. Standard enthalpy of liquid phase (kJ · mol-1): – 173.55
57. Standard entropy of liquid phase (J · mol-1 · k-1): 263.47
58. Standard free energy of formation in liquid phase (kJ · mol-1): – 10.00
59. Liquid standard hot melt (J · mol-1 · k-1): 167.33
    109-66-0 n-pentane – Safety Information
    [symbol]: ghs02, ghs07, ghs08, ghs09
    Signal word: danger
    [supplementary hazard statement]: repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking
    [warning statement]: p210-p301 + p310-p331-p370 + p378-p403 + p235
    [personal protective equipment]: eyeshields; Faceshields; full face respirator (US); glasses; multi-purpose combination respirator cartridge (US)
    [hazard code (Europe)]: xn: harmful
    [risk statement (Europe)]: R12; R51 / 53; R65; R66; r67
    [dangerous goods transport code]: UN 1265
    109-66-0 n-pentane – MSDS
    Part I: chemical name
    Chinese name of chemical: pentane
    Chemical name: n-pentane
    Chinese name 2: n-pentane
    English name 2:
    Technical specification code: 372
    CAS No.：109-66-0
    Molecular formula: C5H12
    Molecular weight: 72.15
    Part 2: Composition / information
    Content of harmful components CAS No
    Pentane 109-66-0
    

The third part: risk overview
Risk category:
Invasion route:
Health hazard: high concentration can cause mild irritation of eye and respiratory mucosa, anesthesia state, and even loss of consciousness. The chronic effects were mild irritation of eyes and respiratory tract. May cause mild dermatitis.
Environmental hazards:
Explosion hazard: extremely flammable.
Part four: first aid measures
Skin contact: take off contaminated clothes and wash skin thoroughly with soapy water and water.
Eye contact: lift the eyelids and rinse with flowing water or normal saline. See a doctor.
Inhalation: quickly leave the site to fresh air. Keep the respiratory tract unobstructed. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing stops, perform artificial respiration immediately. See a doctor.
Ingestion: drink enough warm water to induce vomiting. See a doctor.
Part V: fire fighting measures
Hazard characteristics: extremely flammable, its vapor and air can form an explosive mixture, in case of open fire and high heat, it is easy to burn and explode. It reacts strongly with oxidant and even causes combustion. Liquid is lighter than water, insoluble in water, can drift with water and spread to the distance, and cause combustion in case of open fire. In the fire scene, the heated container may explode. Its vapor is heavier than air and can spread to a considerable distance at a lower place, and it will ignite and reburning when encountering fire source.
Harmful combustion products: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.
Fire fighting method: spray water to cool the container and move it from the fire site to an open place if possible. If the containers in the fire scene have changed color or sound from the safety pressure relief device, they must be evacuated immediately. Fire extinguishing agents: foam, carbon dioxide, dry powder and sand. Fire fighting with water is ineffective.
Part six: emergency treatment of leakage
Emergency treatment: quickly evacuate the personnel from the leakage contaminated area to the safe area, isolate them and strictly restrict their access. Cut off the fire. It is suggested that emergency treatment personnel should wear self-contained positive pressure respirator and anti-static work clothes. Cut off the leakage source as much as possible. Prevent from flowing into the restricted space such as sewers and flood discharge ditches. Small leakage: absorb with activated carbon or other inert materials. Large amount of leakage: build a dike or dig a pit to contain it. Cover with foam to reduce steam damage. Transfer to tank car or special collector with explosion-proof pump, recycle or transport to waste disposal site for disposal.
Part 7: handling and storage
Operation precautions: airtight operation and full ventilation. Operators must be specially trained and strictly abide by the operation rules. It is suggested that the operators should wear self-priming filter type gas mask (half mask), chemical safety glasses, anti-static work clothes and rubber oil resistant gloves. Keep away from fire and heat sources. Smoking is strictly prohibited in the workplace. Use explosion-proof ventilation system and equipment. Prevent vapor from leaking into the air of the workplace. Avoid contact with oxidants. When filling, the flow rate should be controlled, and there should be grounding device to prevent the accumulation of static electricity. When handling, it should be light loading and unloading to prevent damage to the packaging and containers. Fire fighting equipment and leakage emergency treatment equipment of corresponding variety and quantity shall be provided. The empty container may contain harmful substances.
Storage precautions: store in cool and ventilated warehouse. Keep away from fire and heat sources. The storage temperature should not exceed 30 ℃. Keep the container sealed. It should be stored separately from oxidant and should not be mixed. Explosion proof lighting and ventilation facilities are adopted. It is forbidden to use mechanical equipment and tools that are easy to produce sparks. The storage area shall be equipped with leakage emergency treatment equipment and appropriate materials.
Part 8: exposure control / personal protection
Occupational exposure limits
China MAC (mg / m3): no standard
MAC (mg / m3): 300
TLVTN：OSHA 1000ppm; ACGIH 600ppm,1770mg/m3
TLVWN：ACGIH 750ppm,2210mg/m3
Monitoring method:
Engineering control: the production process is airtight and fully ventilated. Provide safety shower and eye wash equipment.
Respiratory system protection: generally no special protection is required. When the air concentration is high, it is recommended to wear self-priming filter type gas mask (half mask).
Eye protection: wear chemical safety glasses when necessary.
Body protection: wear anti-static work clothes.
Hand protection: wear rubber oil resistant gloves.
Other protection: smoking is strictly prohibited at the work site. Avoid repeated contact for a long time.
Part 9: physical and chemical properties
Main ingredient: pure product
Appearance and character: colorless liquid with faint mint fragrance.
pH：
Melting point (℃): – 129.8
Boiling point (℃): 36.1
Relative density (water = 1): 0.63
Relative vapor density (air = 1): 2.48
Saturated vapor pressure (kPa): 53.32 (18.5 ℃)
Heat of combustion (kJ / mol): 3506.1
Critical temperature (℃): 196.4
Critical pressure (MPA): 3.37
Logarithm of octanol / water partition coefficient: no data
Flash point (℃): – 40
Ignition temperature (℃): 260
Upper explosion limit% (V / V): 1.7
Lower explosion limit% (V / V): 9.8
Solubility: slightly soluble in water, soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, benzene, chloroform and other organic solvents.
Main uses: used as solvent, making artificial ice, anesthetic, synthesis of pentanol, isopentane, etc.
Other physical and chemical properties:
Part 10: stability and reactivity
Stability:
Prohibited substance: strong oxidant.
Conditions to avoid contact:
Polymerization hazard:
Decomposition products:
Part 11: toxicological information
Acute toxicity: LD50: 446 mg / kg (mouse vein)
LC50: no data
Subacute and chronic toxicity:
thrill:
Sensitization:
Mutagenicity:
Teratogenicity:
Carcinogenicity:
Part 12: ecological information
Ecotoxicity:
Biodegradability:
Non biodegradability:
Bioaccumulation or bioaccumulation:
Other harmful effects: the substance may be harmful to the environment. Special attention should be paid to the pollution of surface water, soil, air and drinking water.
Part 13: waste disposal
Nature of waste:
Abandoned area

This Table shows the output power and efficiency for the selected four working fluids calculated at geothermal temperature of 92˚C, reinjection temperature of 70˚C and geothermal flow rate of 20 kg/s. It was found from the Table that, Pentane meets our customers’ demand, giving the highest output power of approximately 213 kW and the highest thermal efficiency of 11.5%. On the other hand, R245fa yielded the lowest power output and the lowest efficiency.

PROPERTIES

Polystyrene (PS) CAS No: 9003-53-6 Polystyrene (PS) is a thermoplastic resin with good processing properties. It is used in many applications including food packaging, domestic appliances, electronic goods, toys, household goods and furniture. The loss of growth in demand for PS has been a major challenge for the industry.
 Expandable Polystyrene (EPS) CAS No: 9003-53-6 Expandable polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid cellular form of polystyrene with good thermal insulation and shock absorbing properties, high compressive strength, very low weight and resistance to moisture.
PS (CAS no. 9003-53-6) is a polymer produced by the polymerization of styrene (CAS no. 100-42-5). There are other polymers in the PS family, such as expandable polystyrene (EPS), rubber-modified polystyrene or high-impact polystyrene (HIPS), which involve other monomers, such as 1,3-butadiene. 

Polystyrene (PS) is a clear, amorphous, nonpolar commodity thermoplastic that is easy to process and that can be easily converted into a large number of semi-finished products like foams, films, and sheets. It is one of the largest volume commodity plastic, comprising approximately seven percent of the total thermoplastic market¹. PS is a very good electrical insulator, has excellent optical clarity due to the lack of crystallinity, and has good chemical resistance to diluted acids and bases. It is also easy to fabricate into a large number of finished goods since it is a viscous liquid above its glass transition temperature (Tg) that can be easily molded. However, polystyrene has several limitations. It is attacked by hydrocarbon solvents, has poor oxygen and UV resistance, and is rather brittle, i.e. it has poor impact strength due to the stiffness of the polymer backbone. Furthermore, its upper temperature limit for continual use is rather low due to the lack of crystallinity and its low glass transition temperature of about Tg = 373 K (100°C). Below its Tg, it has medium to high tensile strength (35 – 55 MPa) but low impact strength (15 – 20 J/m). Despite all these weaknesses, styrene polymers are very attractive large-volume commodity plastics.

Some of its weaknesses can be overcome by copolymerization with other monomers. For example, polystyrene can be copolymerized with methyl methacrylate. The copolymer poly(styrene-co-methyl methacrylate) (PSMMA) has higher clarity and improved chemical and UV stability.

One of the most important styrene copolymers is poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (PSAN). It has much improved chemical resistance, better heat stability, and improved mechanical properties. However, these copolymers often yield yellow products.

Probably of equal importance are poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (SBR, SBS) and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (ABS). Both copolymers have very high stress and impact resistance and ABS has higher tensile strength than pure PS.

To increase the heat resistance, styrene is sometimes copolymerized with small amounts of maleic anhydride or it is copolymerized with this monomer to an alternating structure. The copolymer poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) (PSMA) has a higher Tg than pure polystyrene (400 – 430 K), improved heat resistance and high dimensional stability.

Many styrene derivatives have been synthesized on a laboratory scale and some have been extensively investigated. However, no other styrene polymer has become a large-volume commodity thermoplastic. Among those that are commercially produced are α-methylstyrene, o-, m-, and p-methylstyrene, methoxystyrene, chlorostyrene, divinylbenzene and p-divinylbenzene. The later is used as a cross-linking agent in a large number of different polymer materials.

Polystyrene is a not biodegradable plastic and resistant to photolysis. It is a major contributor to the debris in the ocean. Although recycable, polystyrene is not recycled in many parts of the world. The biggest problem is expandable polystyrene (EPS); due to its low density, it takes up a relative large amount of space in landfills.
In recent years, the (food) packaging industry has developed alternative insulating plastics for thermal applications, like Versalite which is an expanded polypropylene (PP) that can be recycled right along with other PP products in the general recycle stream. We expect other lower-cost and lower-density resins to gain market share in traditional large volume applications of expandable polystyrene.

COMMERCIAL POLYSTYRENES

Polystyrene is one of the most important commodity plastics. The production volume of polystyrene and styrene copolymers is several million tons per year. It is sold under various trade names, including Styrofoam™, Styropor^®, and Styron™

The three most important grades of styrene are:

GPPS: General purpose polystyrene, also known as crystal-clear polystyrene, is a fully transparent, rigid and rather brittle low cost thermoplastic made from styrene monomer. GPPS is a solid product manufactured in the form of 2-5 mm pellets.

HIPS: High impact polystyrene contains usually 5 to 10% rubber (butadiene) and is used for parts which require high(er) impact resistance. HIPS is a graft copolymer having polystyrene sidearms. The grafting occurs when some of the radicals react with the double bonds of the polybutadiene.

EPS: Expandable polystyrene consists of micro-pellets or beads containing a blowing agent (usually pentane). The expanded or foamed polystyrene is thermally insulating, has high impact resistance and good processability.

Styrenic Copolymers and their blends are considered engineering thermoplastics because their properties can be tailored over a wide range for a large number of applications with a broad range of processing methods which permits the manufacture of high quality, very durable plastic products suitable for many demanding applications.

APPLICATIONS

Polystyrene is a polymer that is cheap and easy to process. It is the material of choice for many applications including food-packaging, disposable consumer plastic goods as well as parts for optical, electronic/electrical, and medical applications. A large variety of products are formed by injection molding including dining utensils, plastic cups, housewares, toys, CD cases, cosmetic containers, covers and fixtures.

Expandable polystyrene, either crystal polystyrene² or styrene copolymers soaked with a blowing agent (usually pentane), are used to produce various foamed products, like disposable drinking cups, egg cartons, trays, fast-food containers, cushioned packaging, and thermal insulation for the construction market.

Medical applications include pipettes, Petri dishes and medicine containers.

Pentane is a straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms. It has a role as a non-polar solvent and a refrigerant. It is a volatile organic compound and an alkane.
Pentane is an organic compound with the formula C 5 H 12 — that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the n -pentane isomer; the other two being called “methylbutane” and “dimethylpropane“.
CID 8003
Pentane
PENTANE
DEPOSITOR-SUPPLIED SYNONYMS
Depositor-Supplied Synonyms
PENTANE
n-Pentane
109-66-0
Pentan
Skellysolve A
Pentanen
Pentani
Amyl hydride
Tetrafume
Tetrakil
Tetraspot
Hydrocarbons, C5-rich
Pentan [Polish]
Pentanen [Dutch]
Pentani [Italian]
Caswell No. 642AA
Hydrocarbons, C4-6, C5-rich
n-Pentan
NSC 72415
UNII-4FEX897A91
HSDB 109
EINECS 203-692-4
UN1265
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 098001
AI3-28785
CHEBI:37830
4FEX897A91
MFCD00009498
68476-43-7
68476-55-1
Hydrocarbons, C>4
NCGC00091116-01
n-Pentane, for analysis
DSSTox_CID_5846
Pentane, analytical standard
DSSTox_RID_77944
DSSTox_GSID_25846
102056-77-9
n-Pentane, 99+%, extra pure
n-Pentane, 99+%, for HPLC
n-Pentane, 95%, technical grade
Pentanes
n-Pentane, 99+%, for spectroscopy
Butane, methyl-
CAS-109-66-0
n-Pentane, 99+%, extra pure, anhydrous
Pentanes (petroleum)
n-Pentane, 99+%, Extra Dry, AcroSeal(R)
Pentane, pentene fraction
npentane
n-Pentane, 99+%, Extra Dry over Molecular Sieve, AcroSeal(R)
syn-pentane
Normal Pentane
1-ethylpropane
n-Pentane, 99+%, for residue analysis, ECD tested for pesticide analysis
High purity Pentane
Pentane, p.a.
EINECS 270-684-5
EINECS 270-695-5
EINECS 271-960-8
95% N-pentane
99% N-pentane
High purity N-pentane
blowing agent N-pentane
foaming agent N-pentane
Pentane Fraction, purum
Butane, methyl- (9CI)
ACMC-209t5d
EC 203-692-4
EC 270-695-5
Pentane 109-66-0
Pentane, p.a., 99%
Pentane, purification grade
Pentane, AR, >=99%
Pentane, LR, >=99%
WLN: 5H
68647-60-9
KSC175E1B
UN 1265 (Salt/Mix)
CHEMBL16102
Pentane, anhydrous, >=99%
n-C5H12
Pentane, >=99% (GC)
Pentane, p.a., 99.5%
Pentane, reagent grade, 98%
DTXSID2025846
CTK0H5210
Pentane, >=99%, HPLC grade
KS-00000V5R
NSC72415
Pentane, for HPLC, >=99.0%
ZINC1698513
EINECS 270-654-1
Tox21_111085
Tox21_200248
ANW-42047
LMFA11000583
LS-483
NSC-72415
STL301896
Pentane, purum, >=95.0% (GC)
AKOS009158849
MCULE-4643148765
Pentane, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99%
n-Pentane 1000 microg/mL in Methanol
Pentane, SAJ first grade, >=96.0%
NCGC00091116-02
NCGC00257802-01
Pentane, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%
Pentanes [UN1265] [Flammable liquid]
Pentanes [UN1265] [Flammable liquid]
Pentane, spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
9,11,13-Octadecatriyoic acid methyl ester
NS00008602
P0048
P2621
Pentane, puriss. p.a., >=99.0% (GC)
R-601
S0277
EC 270-654-1
Pentane, Laboratory Reagent, >=95.0% (GC)
10047-EP2269986A1
10047-EP2269993A1
10047-EP2270000A1
10047-EP2270006A1
10047-EP2270014A1
10047-EP2270113A1
10047-EP2272509A1
10047-EP2272813A2
10047-EP2272826A1
10047-EP2272839A1
10047-EP2272840A1
10047-EP2272935A1
10047-EP2275395A2
10047-EP2275410A1
10047-EP2275411A2
10047-EP2275414A1
10047-EP2277877A1
10047-EP2280000A1
10047-EP2281813A1
10047-EP2281821A1
10047-EP2281822A1
10047-EP2287147A2
10047-EP2287165A2
10047-EP2287166A2
10047-EP2289509A2
10047-EP2289879A1
10047-EP2289893A1
10047-EP2289965A1
10047-EP2292576A2
10047-EP2292589A1
10047-EP2292592A1
10047-EP2292596A2
10047-EP2292606A1
10047-EP2292615A1
10047-EP2292620A2
10047-EP2295433A2
10047-EP2295437A1
10047-EP2295438A1
10047-EP2295439A1
10047-EP2298734A2
10047-EP2298763A1
10047-EP2298775A1
10047-EP2298828A1
10047-EP2301544A1
10047-EP2301627A1
10047-EP2301918A1
10047-EP2305625A1
10047-EP2305642A2
10047-EP2305649A1
10047-EP2305667A2
10047-EP2305668A1
10047-EP2305672A1
10047-EP2305677A1
10047-EP2305769A2
10047-EP2305808A1
10047-EP2308838A1
10047-EP2308857A1
10047-EP2308861A1
10047-EP2308867A2
10047-EP2308870A2
10047-EP2308876A1
10047-EP2311801A1
10047-EP2311802A1
10047-EP2311803A1
10047-EP2311837A1
10047-EP2314576A1
10047-EP2314577A1
10047-EP2315502A1
10047-EP2316832A1
10047-EP2316833A1
10047-EP2316835A1
10047-EP2316836A1
10047-EP2371795A1
10047-EP2371811A2
10047-EP2371814A1
10047-EP2374780A1
10047-EP2374781A1
10047-EP2380568A1
10047-EP2380871A1
15414-EP2275469A1
15414-EP2280007A1
15414-EP2281559A1
15414-EP2281820A2
15414-EP2284174A1
15414-EP2287940A1
15414-EP2289897A1
15414-EP2289965A1
15414-EP2298754A1
15414-EP2298828A1
15414-EP2301983A1
15414-EP2305683A1
15414-EP2305825A1
15414-EP2308926A1
15414-EP2309564A1
15414-EP2309584A1
15414-EP2311839A1
15414-EP2314576A1
15414-EP2314577A1
15414-EP2314589A1
15414-EP2316837A1
15414-EP2371814A1
15414-EP2380871A1
25661-EP2292616A1
25661-EP2298749A1
25661-EP2314580A1
125901-EP2272846A1
125901-EP2277868A1
125901-EP2277869A1
125901-EP2277870A1
125901-EP2295422A2
A802071
Q150429
EB93985D-C6D5-4EC7-A089-73B41F8B4583
Pentane, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Pentane, capillary GC grade, >=98% n-pentane basis, 99.9+% C5 isomers.
Pentane, puriss., absolute, over molecular sieve (H2O <=0.005%), >=99.0% (GC)
AKS