It is absolutely impossible to obtain high-quality lost foam castings without high-quality patterns. STMMA is an expandable copolymer resin bead specially used for the pattern material of lost foam casting. Pentane is mainly used as the foaming agent, and the content of pentane directly affects the quality of the mold. The main process of pentane control: pre-expansion – bead curing – die drying In the process of pre-expansion, on the one hand, it is the process of expanding and foaming the beads, and on the other hand, it is the main process of pentane loss. Pentane is the basis for pre-expanding and molding, but after the molding is completed, it is hoped that the pentane can be completely and completely dissipated. Copolymerized beads with less than 9.5% of the original bead pentane can shorten the heating time during pre-expanding, and it is recommended to control it at about 40s; Control it around 60s. The structure of the beads is damaged if the pre-expansion time is long, and too much foaming agent is consumed; thus affecting the quality of the secondary molding. STMMA storage method: low temperature storage ≤ 10 degrees. When it is not used up after opening, remember to re-tighten the bag, and keep the barrel covered at low temperature to prevent the loss of pentane. Bead aging The newly foamed beads have negative pressure inside and are easy to collapse. They must be put into the aging warehouse for aging treatment, allowing air to enter the interior of the beads to achieve internal and external balance. Aging is a process for the pre-released beads to reach stability. During the stabilization process, the beads change: most of the water evaporates, the beads recover a certain degree of elasticity, and the content of pentane decreases. When the pentane content is less than 9.5%, the curing time of the pre-haired beads is generally controlled to be 12-48 hours. When the content of pentane is greater than 9.5%, the curing time of the pre-haired beads is generally controlled at 3-4 days. In this curing process, the pentane content is controlled at 7%-8% to reduce the possibility of expansion bubbles in the later stage after bead molding. At this time, the mold is filled evenly, easy to form, the surface of the mold is high, strong, and the beads are fused with each other. Die shrinkage is stable and consistent. When the pentane content of the beads is less than 5% after bead curing, it is very difficult to form a die, the surface collapses, shrinks, and the uneven surface is not smooth.

The higher the die drying temperature, the faster the pentane volatilizes. The die pieces are placed in the air for natural aging, and the pentane and water content evaporate slowly. According to my many years of production experience: under normal circumstances, after one day of curing, the dies are sent to the drying room at a temperature controlled between 45-50 degrees, and sent to the pentane content after drying for 4-5 days. If the pentane content is greater than 5%, it can continue to be cured at high temperature, and it can be used when it is less than 5%. When the pentane content of the pattern is greater than 5%, the dip-coated pattern is wrapped by the coating, even if the high-temperature drying gas is difficult to volatilize. During the pouring process, the amount of gas is too large, which causes the imbalance of internal and external air pressure to cause reverse spray and collapse of the box. Castings produce porosity, air separation, and incompleteness lead to castings being scrapped.

n-Pentane n-Pentane price update, the latest n-Pentane price in the Chinese market (03.04.2023). Today’s US Dollar/CNY exchange rate: 1 dollar=6.88 CNY.Latest FOB price (CNY/MT) 8,100. Up 50, PCT Change 0.6%n-PentaneSynonyms: PentaneLinear Formula: CH3(CH2)3CH3CAS Number: 109-66-0Molecular Weight: 72.15In March, the FOB price of n-Pentane was estimated to be around 1,180-1,195 USD/MT, up around 15-20 USD/MT from February levels. In the fourth quarter of 2022, offers increased significantly, mostly in the Chinese market.For more information about the price of n-Pentane and the price change of n-Pentane, please follow the quotation column of the market center of Junyuan Petroleum Group’s n-Pentane price channel: n-Pentane priceOverviewJunyuan Petroleum Group is one of China’s largest Pentane, Hexane, Heptane and Butane companies manufacturing a vast range of solvents and chemicals. We have a proudly earned solid 17-year track record in both the domestic and international markets. Our company is headquartered at our world-class manufacturing facility in Dongying and Dushanzi, ChinaWebsite: JunyuanPetroleumGroup.comIndustry: Chemical ManufacturingCompany Size: 501 – 1,000 employeesHeadquarters: DongyingТуре: Public CompanyFounded: 2006Specialties: Solvents and Chemicals

Friday, 22-JAN-22: There was no change in prices of Pentane, Hexane and Heptane series products today.

For products with small orders, we can provide you with flexitank packaging. The advantages of packaging are as follows: 1. Convenient loading and unloading, door-to-door service, and multimodal transport such as highway, railway and waterway can be adopted. 2. A wide range of suitable chemical varieties. 3. Convenient transshipment, suitable for multimodal transport.

What is a Flexitank?

The Flexitank is a package that is used for the storage and transportation of non-hazardous liquid products and is intended for installation in 20ft ISO shipping containers.

Using Flexitank will reduce packaging, storage and transportation costs by a sizeable margin. This is due to its relatively low unit cost and the convenience of positioning ,speed of loading and efficient exploitation of loading weights.

Very Low positioning costs
No cleaning costs,No disposal costs
Cost effective and considerably cheaper than tank containers,drums and IBC’S
Can carry 40% or more cargo than drum and 50% or more than by bottles
Deliveries are door- to- door • Quick loading compared to drums and IBCs
Low labour for handling,filling and loading
No need for forklift to load or unload container
No need for intermediate bulk storage
Available in remote areas
Clean and environmentally friendly
Low weight of Flexitank-so higher payloads possible
20 ft. Container payload 15% higher than IBCs Container payload 44% higher than drums
No demurrage on Flexitank only on container.No return loads needed

Pentane, n-

Pentane is introduced to suspension-polymerised polystyrene (PS) beads. Molecular weights in the range of 150,000–250,000 are used. The spherical beads are sieved to a narrow range of diameters, so are not monodisperse. PS beads are allowed to absorb up to 8% by weight of pentane, which is a plasticiser, reducing the glass transition temperature from 100°C to about 60°C . Cigna et al. (1986) used an ultramicrotome to section the pentane-containing beads, and then transmission electron microscopy. Microvoids within them are the sites of the later cell expansion. The surfaces of the beads are coated, typically with less than 0.5% of calcium stearate, to prevent agglomeration.

Expanded polypropylene (EPP) goes through a process of extrusion foaming as small diameter rod, then pelletised into beads, much as most thermoplastics are pelletised prior to injection moulding. Hence the initial production is as described in the last chapter, and high melt strength polypropylene (PP) grades must be used. The blowing agent is probably isopentane or CO₂. Some of the beads have a solid PP outer layer, and their average density is lower than the final EPP mouldings (Beverte, 2004), a disadvantage compared with EPS in that bulky material must be transported to the site of moulding.

Resin and Asphaltene Gravimetric Determination
A 100 mL quantity of n-pentane is added to a pre-weighed sample of approximately 5 g of oil. The flask is shaken well and allowed to stand for 30 min [27,28]. The sample is filtered through a 0.45-μm membrane using minimum rinsing with n-pentane. The precipitate is allowed to dry and then weighed. The weight of the precipitate as a fraction of the initial oil sample weight is reported as the percentage asphaltenes.

The filtrate from the precipitation, the “maltene” fraction, is recovered and made up to 100 mL with n-pentane. A 15-g, 1-cm diameter column of activated silica gel is prepared. The top of the column is protected by a 1-cm layer of sodium sulfate. A 5-mL aliquot of the maltene fraction is loaded onto the column. A 60-mL volume of 1:1 (v:v) benzene:hexane is eluted through the column and discarded. A 60-mL volume of methanol, followed by a 60-mL volume of dichloromethane is eluted through the column and combined. The methanol/dichloromethane fractions are reduced by rotary evaporation and blown down to dryness under nitrogen. The mass fraction of this dried eluent, compensating for the volume fraction used, is reported as the percentage of resins in the sample.

n-Pentane, 99%, n-Pentane, 95%
CAS NO 109-66-0
Applications: Blowing Agents, Plastics Industry, Geothermal Energy, Personal Care Products, Gasoline

For sales inquiries and questions please email us at: info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com or WhatsApp us at: +86 178 1030 0898

Isopentane #i-Pentane #Pentanes #Pentane #Iso-Pentane #geothermal #powerplant #expansion #geothermalenergy #energystorage #renewableenergy #laboratorysolvents #solvents #Pentane Blends # Blowing Agents #Plastics Industry #Geothermal Energy #Personal Care Products #Gasoline

Why is pentane used as blowing agent? Pentane–blown foams have another advantage: better dimensional stability due to the fact that pentane does not condense as much as HCFC-141b at temperatures normally experienced by the foam in use. The condensation of HCFC-141b causes the cells to shrink and expand on a cyclical basis, reducing dimensional stability.”

Blowing agents are used to decrease the density of the polymer, typically by 40–60% with loading levels of 0.5–20.5% by weight on the amount of polymer.

Releated Terms:

Extrusion, Carbon Dioxide, Flame Retardant, Polyurethane Foam, Polyurethanes, Resin, Injection Moulding, Foaming Agent, Porosity

A blowing agent is a substance which is capable of producing a cellular structure via a foaming process in a variety of materials that undergo hardening or phase transition, such as polymers, plastics, and metals. They are typically applied when the blown material is in a liquid stage. The cellular structure in a matrix reduces density, increasing thermal and acoustic insulation, while increasing relative stiffness of the original polymer.

Blowing agents are additives used in the manufacture of foamed plastics, which have the advantage of lightness, contribute to material and cost savings, and are distinguished by the fact that they are thermally insulating. Blowing agents usually create fine and regular cellular structures during polymer processing.

Blowing agent plays a fundamental role in the production of polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulations foam. A small quantity of blowing agent indirectly provides important performance characteristics to these foams as great thermal insulation properties.

The global warming potential (GWP) of the blowing agents used to manufacture insulation products like polyiso insulation can be an important consideration when assessing each product’s environmental impacts. Blowing agents function to increase the final thermal resistance or R-value of foam insulation, and also help to facilitate the manufacturing or foaming process.  

Manufacturers of laminated insulation products in North America use #pentane or #pentane #blends in their production processes. Pentane is a hydrocarbon with zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and low-GWP. Manufacturers have utilized pentane technologies in product formulations for over 20 years.

Pentane has a GWP value of less than 10, which means that insulation products produced and sold in North America comply with climate regulations that limit the manufacture or installation of products produced with higher-GWP substances (including products manufactured with hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) or blends thereof). Therefore, architects and contractors can continue to specify insulation products manufactured by PIMA members with confidence in both the industry’s performance and environmental scorecard.

Blowing agents can allow the polymer processor to achieve weight reduction and use less raw materials by introducing a finely controlled cell structure within the polymer. With the endothermic blowing agents, as part of their functionality, they will absorb heat energy from their surroundings.

Foam blowing agents encompass a wide variety of applications including refrigerators, buildings, automobiles, furniture, packaging, and many more. The blowing agent is used to create a cellular structure from liquid plastic resin, and in the case of foam used for insulation it functions as an insulating component of the foam.

When it comes to blowing agents, a controlled foam structure makes your production process go a lot smoother

Not only do blowing agents expand up to 60 times in volume, they also provide:

• highly controlled foaming
• closed, uniform cell structure
• guards against water penetration
• create internal pressure to combat shrinkage.

Blowing agent plays a fundamental role in the production of polystyrene (PS), polyurethane (PU) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) insulations foam. A small quantity of blowing agent indirectly provides important performance characteristics to these foams as great thermal insulation properties.

Blowing agents can allow the polymer processor to achieve weight reduction and use less raw materials by introducing a finely controlled cell structure within the polymer. With the endothermic blowing agents, as part of their functionality, they will absorb heat energy from their surroundings.

What is EPS

Polystyrene is one of the most widely used kinds of plastic. It is a polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is commercially manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic substance, it melts if heated and becomes solid again when cool.

Polystyrene is most commonly found in three forms. Rigid Polystyrene (PS), Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) and Extruded Polystyrene (XPS).

Rigid polystyrene has many applications including disposable cutlery, cd cases, video/casette casings, components for plastic model toys as well as some margarine and yoghurt containers.  Extruded polystyrene foam has good insulating properties making it important as a non-structural construction material.  XPS is sold under the trademark Styrofoam by Dow Chemical, however this term is often used informally for other foamed polystyrene products.

How to produce foam?

Expandable Polystyrene / EPS:

This is PS Foam that uses Pentane gas (C5H12) as the blowing agent. During the material production process called “Polymerisation” the polystyrene resin granules impregnated with the blowing agent. EPS production processes begin in the pre-expansion process where the EPS bead will expand by the heat of steam usually 50 times in volume. The next step in the process is moulding process where expanded foam bead will be heated again with steam then they expand further until they fuse together, forming as foam products.

There are mainly 2 types of EPS moulding machines;

• Shape moulding machine that produce various shapes of foam products according to the molds such as icebox, helmet and packaging foam.
• Block moulding machine that produce block foam and sheet foam Expanded EPS foam bead contains 98% air per volume, only 2% is plastic. This make EPS foam very light weight, has low thermal conductivity because air is the best insulation, high compressive strength and excellent shock absorption. These properties make EPS to be ideal material for packaging and construction.

Polystyrene Paper (PSP):

This is a PS Foam which is produced by extruding process as another plastic. Production process start when put polystyrene resin pellets into the extruder that heated by electric. Foaming process occur at the end of extruder where the blowing agent, butane (C4H10) gas react with the melt plastic then become foam. The melted polystyrene foam is then extended as sheet then rolled as paper roll, that is why it is commonly known as “Polystyrene Paper”. The polystyrene foam sheet or polystyrene paper can be produced as many shape according to the mould by thermal forming process such as food tray, cups, bow, and food box.

There’s no any CFC’s in PS foam

Both EPS and PSP contain 95 -98 % air another 2-5% is polystyrene which is pure hydrocarbon. CFC’s is Chlorofluorocarbons which is totally different in its chemical structure from polystyrene. CFC’s has very low blowing point and uneasy to be maintained in EPS beads. Therefore, EPS Foam never use CFC’s at any stage of its production. The blowing agent used since EPS Foam was first introduced in 1952 by BASF  is Pentane gas which, does not contain any chlorine atoms as CFC’s. PSP Foam in the beginning used CFC’s as blowing agent. In the past two decades CFC’s are gradually phased out from plastics and refrigerator industries. PSP moulders in Thailand already use Butane (C4H10) as the blowing agent since the last 15 years. Butane gas is the gas that we use at home for cooking. The blowing agents that use in producing PS Foam are Pentane and Butane, which are pure hydrocarbon as polystyrene. They belong to the same chemical family, the paraffin series as methane, ethane, and propane gas.

How to manage the EPS foam waste

Apart from recycling by melting and compacting, there are many ways to manage the EPS waste as the followings:

• Crush in to small particle and mix with soil. Foam waste will improve ventilation in the soil, organic substances in the soil will become easier the humus.
• Mixing the crushed bead with cement to reduce the weight and increase insulation properties.
• Combustion at 1000 C with sufficient air supplies in to generate heat. Burning EPS require no any additional fuel, in fact EPS can replace the fuel normally required for combustion, l kg of EPS saves 1 kg = 1.2 – 1.4 Litre of fuel oil.

The Recycling of PS:

Since both EPS and PSP Foam are made of Polystyrene, which is thermoplastic, so that it will become again a polystyrene plastic when recycled. AMEPS members recycle both EPS and PSP Foam by first crushing into small particle then melting or compacting it. Melting can be done by heated roller, disk or screw extruders, where the regrind scraps is heated usually by electrical power for some time above the melting temperature. Compacting can be done by rotary compactors where pressure and frictional force create heat below melting temperature to soften the regrind scraps for only few seconds. This method also called “agglomeration”.PS pallet from recycled foam will be produced in various kinds of plastic products e.g. video and tape cassette and ruler. The other way to reuse EPS Foam is to mix the regrind beads with the new expanded bead for re-production in moulding process.

Full Name: n-Pentane

Category: Organic > High Purity Compounds > Alkanes

Synonym: Pentane
Linear Formula: CH3(CH2)3CH3
Molecular Weight: 72.15
CAS Number: 109-66-0

Shelf Life on Ship Date: 24 Months – Store in a freezer at -18°C or below

Certification: ISO 9001 ✔

We are specialists in manufacturing of the following product lines:

n-Pentane, 95%, 99%, CAS 109-66-0
Isopentane, 95%, 99%, CAS #: 78-78-4
n-Hexane, 60%, 80%, 95%, 99%, CAS 110-54-3
Isohexane, 99%, CAS Number 107-83-5, CAS Number 92112-69-1
n-Heptane, 99%, CAS 142-82-5
n-Octane, 99%, CAS Number: 111-65-9
D20 Solvent, 111-65-9
Pentane Blend Specifications:
n-Pentane 80% – Isopentane 20%
n-Pentane, 60% – Isopentane, 40%
n-Pentane 70% – Isopentane 30%
Customized Ratios of Pentane Blends available

Our NEW Products:
PBAT Resin, CAS No. 55231-08-8
PBS Resin, CAS No. 25777-14-4

Junyuan Petroleum Group is well recognized as a world leader in production of custom-made solutions according to the specific requirements of our customers.

Our Quality

Each standard is rigorously tested and analyzed as a finished product and accompanied with a certificate of analysis and material safety data documentation. Our products are manufactured under quality management system which has been introduced to the requirements of ISO 17034:2016 ‘General Requirements for the Competence of Reference Materials Producers’certifies that we meet every requirement for the competence in the very specific field of Reference Material Production

In addition to being a component of natural gas, pentane has numerous industrial uses. Primarily, pentane is used to create a blowing agent which is then used to create a foam known as polystyrene. Polystyrene is used to make insulation materials for refrigerators and heating pipes.

Pentane is an organic compound which is a clear colourless liquid. The odour of pentane is similar to petroleum. It is less dense than the water and is insoluble in water. It is also known as quintane and n-pentane. The rotatable bond count of pentane is 2.

Molecular formula C₅H₁₂

Linear formula CH₃(CH₂)₃CH₃

The Simplified molecular-input line-entry system (SMILES) CCCCC

Properties Of Pentane
The properties of pentane are similar to butane and hexane. Following is the table of properties of pentane:

IUPAC name pentane
Molecular formula C5H12
Molecular mass 72.151 g/mol
Melting point -130.5 to -129.1℃
Boiling point 35.9 to 36.3℃
Density 0.626 g/mL
Appearance Colourless liquid
Refractive index 1.358
Viscosity 0.240 mPa.s at 20℃

Isomers Of Pentane
There are three structural isomers of pentane and they are:

n-pentane is the first isomer which is a straight chain with a normal structure of pentane.
2-methylbutane is the second isomer which is a branched-chain structure in which one carbon atom is connected to three other carbon atoms.
2,2-dimethylpropane is the third isomer which is a branched-chain structure in the central carbon atom is connected to four other carbon atoms.
Uses Of Pentane
It is used in the production of polystyrene foam.
Isopentane which is obtained by acid-catalysed isomerisation is used in producing high-octane fuels.
It is used in geothermal power stations as a working medium in Rankine cycle.
It is also used in liquid chromatography.
At room temperature, pentanes are volatile liquid and inexpensive. They are used as a laboratory solvent.
To learn more about Chemistry related concepts, stay tuned with Junyuan Petroleum Group

Terminal demand for pentane is slowing, and there is a risk of overcapacity in the industry.

Pentane is a fine chemical product. There are three isomers. They are pentane, isopentane and cyclopentane. They are mainly used in polyurethane foam, EPS foaming agent and new type hydrocarbon refrigerant in air conditioning and refrigerator. The upstream of pentane industry chain is the by-product from cracking of natural gas condensate, oil field light hydrocarbon and light naphtha ethylene plant, and the main product of C5 is cyclopentadiene. The downstream is the application market, mainly focusing on polyurethane foaming agent, EPS foaming agent, linear low density polyethylene solvent and other fields.
Due to the different structures and properties of n-pentane, isopentane and cyclopentane, their application fields are quite different. N-pentane can be isomerized to produce isopentane, and can also be used as foaming agent. It can also be used in low temperature thermometer, artificial ice, anesthetic, and pentanol synthesis. Isopentane is an important admixture to improve octane number of gasoline, and is also an important raw material for isoprene production. It can also be dehydrogenated, chlorinated, and hydrolyzed to produce isopentene, isoprene, and isopentanol, which are organically synthesized Cyclopentane is mainly used in organic synthesis and intermediate of fine chemicals, and its market demand is low at present.

According to the comprehensive market research and investment analysis report of pentane industry in China 2020-2024 issued by China Industrial Research Center It shows that the pentane terminal market is home appliances, building materials, packaging and other industries. In recent years, the above three industries present different development trends. Among them, due to the rapid development of package delivery industry, the demand of packaging industry is strong; however, the development of home appliances and construction industry is relatively slow, and the demand for pentane is declining. In general, in recent years, the pentane demand presents a fluctuating growth state, and the growth rate is slow. In 2019, the pentane industry demand in China is 273000 tons, and the market scale reaches 1.83 billion yuan, of which isopentane is the largest, accounting for 45%; followed by n-pentane, accounting for 39%; cyclopentane and other products, accounting for 16%.
The raw materials for pentane production are mainly in the hands of petrochemical refineries. The representative enterprises are PetroChina, Sinopec, etc. with their own raw material advantages, they have a high market share. Pentane production enterprises need to purchase raw materials from large petrochemical refineries for processing, so considering transportation conditions and costs, most pentane production enterprises are located near large petrochemical refineries, mainly in Shandong Province, and East China currently accounts for more than 50% of the production capacity. At present, the leading enterprise of pentane production in China is Junyuan Petroleum Group.