Category Pentane

This article provides a comprehensive comparison of three chemical compounds—n-Pentane, Isopentane, and Cyclopentane—based on their UN numbers, CAS numbers, and Harmonized System (HS) codes. These identifiers are crucial for safety regulations, chemical tracking, and international trade compliance. Understanding their distinctions helps industries manage transportation, storage, and customs procedures effectively.

Comparison Table

Chemical Compound | UN Number | CAS Number | HS Code

n-Pentane | UN 1265 | CAS 109-66-0 | 2901.10.10
Isopentane | UN 1265 | CAS 78-78-4 | 2901.10.90
Cyclopentane | UN 1146 | CAS 287-92-3 | 2902.19.00

Keywords

n-Pentane, Isopentane, Cyclopentane, UN Number, CAS Number, HS Code, Chemical Identification, International Trade, Chemical Safety, Transportation Regulations

This structured comparison allows professionals in chemistry, logistics, and trade to better navigate classification and compliance requirements.

This article provides a comprehensive comparison of three chemical compounds—n-Pentane, Isopentane, and Cyclopentane—based on their UN numbers, CAS numbers, and Harmonized System (HS) codes. These identifiers are crucial for safety regulations, chemical tracking, and international trade compliance. Understanding their distinctions helps industries manage transportation, storage, and customs procedures effectively.

Comparison Table

Chemical Compound | UN Number | CAS Number | HS Code

n-Pentane | UN 1265 | CAS 109-66-0 | 2901.10.10
Isopentane | UN 1265 | CAS 78-78-4 | 2901.10.90
Cyclopentane | UN 1146 | CAS 287-92-3 | 2902.19.00

Keywords

n-Pentane, Isopentane, Cyclopentane, UN Number, CAS Number, HS Code, Chemical Identification, International Trade, Chemical Safety, Transportation Regulations

This structured comparison allows professionals in chemistry, logistics, and trade to better navigate classification and compliance requirements.

This article provides a comprehensive comparison of three chemical compounds—n-Pentane, Isopentane, and Cyclopentane—based on their UN numbers, CAS numbers, and Harmonized System (HS) codes. These identifiers are crucial for safety regulations, chemical tracking, and international trade compliance. Understanding their distinctions helps industries manage transportation, storage, and customs procedures effectively.

Comparison Table

Chemical Compound | UN Number | CAS Number | HS Code

n-Pentane | UN 1265 | CAS 109-66-0 | 2901.10.10
Isopentane | UN 1265 | CAS 78-78-4 | 2901.10.90
Cyclopentane | UN 1146 | CAS 287-92-3 | 2902.19.00

Keywords

n-Pentane, Isopentane, Cyclopentane, UN Number, CAS Number, HS Code, Chemical Identification, International Trade, Chemical Safety, Transportation Regulations

This structured comparison allows professionals in chemistry, logistics, and trade to better navigate classification and compliance requirements.

This article provides a comprehensive comparison of three chemical compounds—n-Pentane, Isopentane, and Cyclopentane—based on their UN numbers, CAS numbers, and Harmonized System (HS) codes. These identifiers are crucial for safety regulations, chemical tracking, and international trade compliance. Understanding their distinctions helps industries manage transportation, storage, and customs procedures effectively.

Comparison Table

Chemical Compound | UN Number | CAS Number | HS Code

n-Pentane | UN 1265 | CAS 109-66-0 | 2901.10.10
Isopentane | UN 1265 | CAS 78-78-4 | 2901.10.90
Cyclopentane | UN 1146 | CAS 287-92-3 | 2902.19.00

Keywords

n-Pentane, Isopentane, Cyclopentane, UN Number, CAS Number, HS Code, Chemical Identification, International Trade, Chemical Safety, Transportation Regulations

This structured comparison allows professionals in chemistry, logistics, and trade to better navigate classification and compliance requirements.

In the heart of a bustling industrial hub, where innovation meets environmental stewardship, a quiet hero plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of construction. This hero is n-Pentane, a simple yet powerful hydrocarbon that has become the backbone of eco-friendly insulation solutions and is indispensable for modern manufacturing processes.

Once overlooked in favor of less sustainable alternatives, n-Pentane emerged as a game-changer in the production of high-performance insulation panels. These panels, widely applied in areas such as cold storage, roof and wall cladding, façades, and insulated industrial doors, depend on n-Pentane to create their lightweight, energy-efficient cores. Its introduction has revolutionized the thermal insulation industry while addressing critical environmental concerns. Unlike older materials that harmed the ozone layer, n-Pentane boasts a zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), affirming its role as a key enabler of environmentally responsible manufacturing.

The story of n-Pentane begins in advanced production facilities, where it serves as an essential blowing agent in creating polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams. These foams rely on n-Pentane to expand and form tiny bubbles, resulting in a highly effective structure for heat insulation. This process transforms raw materials into reliable products such as panels for extreme climates, significantly reducing energy use across diverse applications. Whether safeguarding perishable goods in cold storage or improving building energy efficiency, n-Pentane is at the core of sustainable solutions.

What truly sets n-Pentane apart is its remarkable ability to combine outstanding performance with environmental sustainability. It is a perfect match for manufacturers who prioritize eco-friendly initiatives and compliance with global green building standards. By contributing to modern insulated panels, n-Pentane facilitates projects that aim for both durability and environmental responsibility, reflecting its alignment with global trends in sustainable construction.

Beyond its technical applications, n-Pentane ensures smooth supply chain operations. Manufacturers worldwide depend on its reliable quality to produce top-tier insulation products on tight timelines, meeting the evolving needs of their markets and projects.

In a world increasingly committed to sustainability, n-Pentane is far more than a chemical—it is a catalyst for progress. From protecting perishable goods to improving energy efficiency in construction, it enables a future where buildings are greener, energy is conserved, and the planet is preserved. As the drive for sustainable practices continues, n-Pentane remains an essential component in shaping a world where innovation and environmental care go hand in hand.

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Why a 20/80 Cyclopentane/n-Pentane Ratio is Widely Used in the Insulation Industry

In the world of polyurethane (PU) rigid foam insulation, blowing agents play a crucial role in determining foam quality, thermal insulation, and process efficiency. Among the many options available, a blend consisting of 20% Cyclopentane and 80% n-Pentane has emerged as a go-to solution for manufacturers seeking an optimal balance of performance and cost.

Why This Specific Blend?

Each component in the blend brings unique properties to the table:

• Cyclopentane is valued for its low thermal conductivity, allowing foams to achieve excellent insulation performance. It also has zero ozone depletion potential (ODP) and relatively low global warming potential (GWP), making it more environmentally friendly. However, it is more expensive and can pose challenges in flowability and evaporation rate during foam processing.

• n-Pentane, on the other hand, is more economical, with higher vapor pressure and better flowability, making it easier to process, especially in large-scale industrial applications. But used alone, it tends to result in larger, less uniform foam cells, which can compromise insulation performance.

By blending 20% Cyclopentane with 80% n-Pentane, manufacturers can harness the strengths of both components: the superior insulation of Cyclopentane and the process efficiency and cost benefits of n-Pentane.

Where Is This Blend Used?

This pentane mixture is widely applied in:

• Household Refrigerators & Freezers: Used in the insulation layer of refrigerator cabinets and doors, ensuring high energy efficiency and consistent thermal performance.

• Construction Insulation Panels: Applied in rigid PU foam boards for building walls and roofs, providing lightweight, effective thermal barriers.

• Cold Chain Logistics: Employed in the insulation of refrigerated trucks and containers, helping maintain low temperatures during transportation.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

While the blend is non-ozone depleting and has lower GWP than legacy blowing agents like CFCs or HCFCs, it is still flammable and must be handled with proper safety protocols. Many modern production lines are equipped with explosion-proof equipment and ventilation systems to safely manage pentane-based formulations.

Conclusion

The 20/80 Cyclopentane/n-Pentane blend is a prime example of how smart chemical engineering can optimize material performance while balancing economic and environmental concerns. As global demand for energy-efficient insulation grows, such formulations will continue to play a key role in sustainable manufacturing.

Applications, Preparation, and Best Practices

Abstract

n-Pentane is widely used as a reference standard in gas chromatography (GC) to ensure the accuracy and reliability of analytical results. This article explores the key applications of n-Pentane in GC, its role in calibration and validation, the recommended preparation methods for reference solutions, and the best practices for storage and handling. Understanding these aspects helps laboratories maintain high precision in hydrocarbon analysis and related fields.

Keywords

n-Pentane, Gas Chromatography, Reference Standard, Calibration, Hydrocarbon Analysis, Analytical Chemistry

Introduction

Gas chromatography (GC) is an essential analytical technique used in various industries, including petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and environmental sciences. To ensure accurate and reproducible results, reference standards such as n-Pentane play a critical role in instrument calibration and sample analysis. This article provides an in-depth look at how n-Pentane is used as a GC reference standard, covering its applications, preparation, and best practices.

Applications of n-Pentane in Gas Chromatography

n-Pentane is used in GC for several key purposes:

• Calibration of Retention Time: It serves as a known standard to help identify hydrocarbon components in complex mixtures.

• Instrument Performance Validation: Regular analysis using n-Pentane ensures the GC system operates within optimal parameters.

• Quantitative Analysis: It helps in determining the concentration of hydrocarbons in fuel, solvents, and other chemical formulations.

Preparation of n-Pentane Reference Solution

To use n-Pentane as a reference standard, a high-purity sample (≥99.9%) should be prepared and diluted according to analytical needs. The recommended steps include:

1. Selection of Solvent: n-Hexane, iso-octane, or methanol can be used as dilution solvents, depending on the application.

2. Accurate Measurement: Using a micropipette or micro-syringe, an appropriate amount of n-Pentane is measured.

3. Dilution and Mixing: The solution is prepared at different concentrations (e.g., 1000 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 100 mg/L) and stored in a tightly sealed vial.

4. Storage Conditions: The prepared solution should be kept in an amber glass bottle, stored at low temperatures, and protected from light to prevent evaporation and degradation.

Recommended GC Conditions for n-Pentane Analysis

For optimal analysis, n-Pentane should be tested under the following gas chromatography conditions:

• Column Type: Non-polar capillary columns such as DB-1 or HP-5 with dimensions of 30m × 0.25mm × 0.25μm

• Injection Port Temperature: 150–200°C

• Column Temperature Program: Initial temperature at 40°C (hold for 2 min), then ramp at 10°C/min to 120°C

• Detector: Flame Ionization Detector (FID) for high sensitivity

• Carrier Gas: High-purity nitrogen or helium at 1.0 mL/min flow rate

• Injection Method: Split or splitless injection, with a split ratio of 10:1 for better peak shape

Best Practices for Handling and Storage

n-Pentane is highly volatile and flammable, so proper handling and storage are essential:

• Use in a Well-Ventilated Area: Prevent exposure to vapors by working in a fume hood or ventilated lab.

• Avoid Contamination: Clean the syringe after each injection to prevent carryover effects.

• Ensure Secure Storage: Store in airtight, amber-colored glass bottles at a stable, low temperature to minimize evaporation.

Conclusion

n-Pentane serves as a crucial reference standard in gas chromatography, ensuring high accuracy and reproducibility in hydrocarbon analysis. By following proper preparation, GC method optimization, and safe handling practices, laboratories can maintain consistent and reliable analytical results.

References

• Smith, J. (2023). Gas Chromatography in Hydrocarbon Analysis. Analytical Chemistry Journal.

• Brown, L., & Zhao, W. (2022). Optimization of GC Conditions for Volatile Hydrocarbons. Journal of Chromatographic Science.

Abstract

Pentane prices in March 2025 have shown signs of weakening, driven by soft crude oil markets, sufficient supply levels, and shifting regional dynamics. This report examines the main factors influencing the pentane market, including global crude oil fluctuations, varying demand for related products such as propane and butane, and ongoing geopolitical uncertainties. Industry analysts predict that pentane prices may continue to face downward pressure in the coming months.

Keywords

Pentane Prices, Crude Oil Market, Supply and Demand, Propane, Butane, Geopolitical Factors, Market Outlook

Current Market Overview

During March 2025, pentane prices exhibited a noticeable decline, primarily due to weaker crude oil benchmarks and a well-supplied market. Sellers in both Middle Eastern export hubs and Far Eastern import zones reported higher availability compared to January, resulting in more supply than demand. This surplus caused buyers to hesitate, reducing overall purchasing activity.

Supply and Demand Dynamics

The abundance of pentane has been attributed to multiple factors, including increased production capacity and the release of additional cargoes from several global suppliers. Meanwhile, consumer industries have shown moderate buying interest, influenced by uncertain economic conditions and shifting trade policies.

Regional Market Differences

In the broader hydrocarbons market, propane has been performing better relative to butane, partly because propane’s demand remains robust in various end-user segments. By contrast, butane supply constraints in some regions have contributed to its tighter market. These variations highlight the importance of regional factors when analyzing pentane pricing trends.

Outlook for the Coming Months

Analysts anticipate continued volatility in pentane prices for the remainder of 2025. Several key issues are expected to shape market developments:

1. Crude Oil Instability: Fluctuating oil prices remain a leading factor, with potential disruptions from renewed trade disputes.

2. Geopolitical Events: The possibility of the Russia-Ukraine conflict ending could weaken overall oil markets, exerting further downward pressure on pentane prices.

3. Market Sentiment: Ongoing concerns about global economic growth and policy shifts may keep buyers cautious, limiting demand.

In summary, pentane prices in March 2025 are under pressure from soft crude oil benchmarks, ample supply, and shifting geopolitical conditions. While these insights offer a glimpse into the market’s trajectory, industry participants should closely monitor real-time data and policy updates to make informed decisions.

Abstract

This article presents a clear and concise overview of two important product lines: the n-Pentane series (90, 95, and 99 percent purity) and pentane-based blowing agents (F3 through F8). It explores their key applications in foam manufacturing, chemical processes, and other industries, while also highlighting their performance characteristics such as low sulfur content and high Saybolt color index. In addition, this piece emphasizes the products’ environmental benefits and suitability for sustainable development.

Keywords:

n-Pentane, Pentane Blowing Agent, Foam Manufacturing, Chemical Solvent, Sustainable Development, Low Sulfur, High Purity

Introduction

n-Pentane and its related blowing agent formulations are widely used in a range of industrial processes. They play a particularly significant role in foam production, especially for polyurethane (PU), polystyrene (PS), and polyether-based foams. Due to their favorable physical and chemical properties, these pentane products have also found their way into diverse applications such as chemical synthesis, pharmaceutical solvents, refrigerant blends, and laboratory standards.

n-Pentane Series: Grades and Characteristics

The n-Pentane series typically includes three grades: 90% n-Pentane, 95% n-Pentane, and 99% n-Pentane. All three are colorless, low-odor liquids with Saybolt color values of at least 28, indicating a very high degree of purity in terms of visual appearance. Their densities, measured at 20°C, generally range from about 620 to 630 kg/m³.

• Purity Levels:

• 90% n-Pentane contains at least 90% of the n-Pentane isomer.

• 95% n-Pentane raises that content to 95%.

• 99% n-Pentane provides an even higher level of purity, making it suitable for specialized applications such as chemical reagents, calibration standards, and high-end solvent needs.

• Quality Indicators:

• Bromine Index: For all three grades, the bromine index is typically under 100 mgBr/100 g, reflecting minimal levels of unsaturated compounds.

• Water Content: Ranges from below 150 ppm in the 90% and 95% grades to under 100 ppm in the 99% grade, ensuring a low moisture environment for sensitive processes.

• Sulfur Content: Less than 5 ppm across all grades, which is crucial for processes requiring low sulfur to minimize catalyst poisoning and unwanted by-products.

Pentane Blowing Agents: F3 to F8

Besides the pure n-Pentane series, specialized pentane blowing agents are formulated for foam production. These products blend n-Pentane and iso-Pentane in specific ratios, allowing manufacturers to fine-tune their foam properties. Common variants include F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, and F8, each offering distinct proportions of n-Pentane and iso-Pentane.

• n-Pentane Content:

Ranges from about 30±2% in F3 up to 80±2% in F8.

• iso-Pentane Content:

Adjusted accordingly, typically running higher when the n-Pentane portion is lower, and vice versa.

• Density:

Generally falls between 615 and 630 kg/m³ at 20°C, ensuring consistency in handling and blending.

• Bromine Index, Water Content, Sulfur Content:

All remain within strict limits (bromine index ≤100 mgBr/100 g, water ≤150 ppm, sulfur ≤5 ppm), aligning with stringent quality and environmental requirements.

Main Applications

1. Foam Manufacturing:

• Polyurethane (PU) Foams: Pentane is a preferred blowing agent for producing rigid and flexible PU foams, used in insulation, automotive components, and furniture.

• Polystyrene (PS) Foams: Particularly in the construction sector, pentane blends help achieve the desired density and thermal insulation performance.

• Polyether Foams: The balance of n-Pentane and iso-Pentane ensures precise control over foam cell structure and stability.

2. High-Purity 99% n-Pentane Applications:

• Chemical Reagent: Ideal for laboratory research, quality control, and analytical procedures.

• Standard Reference Material: Useful as a calibration solvent or reference compound in chromatography.

• Pharmaceutical Solvent: Provides a clean, low-sulfur solvent environment for sensitive chemical reactions.

• New Refrigerants and Polymerization Processes: Offers an environmentally friendly option in advanced chemical and polymer production.

Environmental and Safety Considerations

Modern industry places a strong emphasis on sustainability. The pentane family is known for having low sulfur content and minimal impact on the environment compared to older, less eco-friendly alternatives. However, due to their volatility and flammability, proper handling and storage are essential. Following established safety guidelines and using approved equipment can mitigate potential risks, ensuring a safer workplace and reducing environmental hazards.

Conclusion

n-Pentane products and pentane blowing agents offer versatile, high-performance solutions for a variety of industrial applications. Their consistently high quality—evident in factors such as minimal sulfur content, low moisture levels, and stable density—makes them a top choice for foam production, chemical synthesis, pharmaceutical applications, and beyond. Furthermore, their environmentally friendly profile aligns well with modern sustainability goals, paving the way for continued innovation and market growth.

By carefully selecting the appropriate grade or blowing agent blend, manufacturers can optimize production processes, enhance product performance, and contribute to more sustainable industrial practices. This focus on quality and eco-conscious design underscores the ongoing importance of n-Pentane and pentane-based blowing agents in both current and future applications.