Product Name: Cyclopentane, 95%

CAS: 287-92-3

IUPAC Name: cyclopentane

Molecular Formula:C5H10

InChI Key: RGSFGYAAUTVSQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES:C1CCCC1

Molecular Weight (g/mol):70.14

Synonym: cyclopentane pentamethylene zyklopentan ciclopentano hsdb 62

Refractive Index: 1.4030-1.4090 @ 20C

Appearance (Color): Clear colorless

Form: Liquid

Assay (GC): ≥95.0%

Identification (FTIR): Conforms

Description

Cyclopentane is the lightest non-polar cycloalkane solvent used by the chemical industry. Its cyclical structure provides a higher solubility coefficient than branched or linear hydrocarbons, while its low molecular weight results in one of the lowest heat of vaporization values a among non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvents.

Features

• High solubility coefficient

• non polar

• low heat vaporization

Cyclopentane is used as green blowing agent and involved in the production of polyurethane insulating foam, which is used in refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, construction panels, insulated pipes and roofs. As a lubricant, it finds applications in computer hard drives and outer space equipment due to its low volatile nature. It is widely useful in the preparation of resin, adhesives and pharmaceutical intermediate. It is an additive in gasoline. Since it is a halogen free compound and has zero-ozone depletion potential, it replaces the conventionally used chloro fluoro carbon (CFC) in refrigeration and thermal insulation.

Applications

Cyclopentane is used as green blowing agent and involved in the production of polyurethane insulating foam, which is used in refrigerators, freezers, water heaters, construction panels, insulated pipes and roofs. As a lubricant, it finds applications in computer hard drives and outer space equipment due to its low volatile nature. It is widely useful in the preparation of resin, adhesives and pharmaceutical intermediate. It is an additive in gasoline. Since it is a halogen free compound and has zero-ozone depletion potential, it replaces the conventionally used chloro fluoro carbon (CFC) in refrigeration and thermal insulation.

Solubility

Miscible with ethanol, ether and acetone. Slightly miscible with water.

Notes

Avoid heat, direct sunlight, flames and sparks. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

RUO – Research Use Only

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Many manufacturers will be using a new, more environmentally friendly insulation material, called cyclopentane, in the manufacture of select refrigerators and freezers. Cyclopentane is a blowing agent for the polyurethane foams that are used to insulate refrigerators and freezers. Unlike some other chemicals used to insulate refrigerators, cyclopentane does not contain hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs). Using cyclopentane results in significant reductions in equivalent CO₂ emissions. The most common foam-blowing agents currently used in the U.S. are R134a and R245fa. These industry-standard insulations can have a global warming potential (GWP) as high as 1300 (134a) and 950 (245a). In contrast, the foam-blowing agent cyclopentane has a GWP of approximately 10. When it comes to GWPs, the lower the number is, the better it is for the environment, so cyclopentane is clearly the more environmentally friendly choice. Cyclopentane increases the efficiency of the insulation foam by approximately 4 percent over the R134a foam currently used in most refrigeration products. Cyclopentane has been very popular as a blowing agent in Europe since the early 1990s, but the cost of retrofitting existing production facilities and the lack of U.S. regulations restricting the use of HFCs has delayed implementation in the U.S. However, there are other manufacturers currently selling refrigerators in the U.S. that use cyclopentane. Compared to other insulating foams, cyclopentane is competitively priced and relatively easy to produce. Like many gases, in its pure form, cyclopentane is a highly evaporative and flammable material. However once foamed, the unit is no more hazardous than a unit foamed with other blowing agents. As with any of our manufacturing processes, we’ve integrated a wide variety of redundant engineering and operational safeguards. To learn more about cyclopentane, click here.

 Common questions about cyclopentane

Q: What is this new material being used in the foam insulation?
A: The new material is called cyclopentane, a highly evaporative gas that is used to apply the foam insulations in refrigeration units. 

Q: What is cyclopentane?
A: Cyclopentane is a blowing agent for the polyurethane foams that are used to insulate refrigerators and freezers. 

Q: What are the benefits of using cyclopentane instead of other materials?
A: From an environmental perspective, unlike some other chemicals used to insulate refrigerators, cyclopentane does not contain hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs). Using cyclopentane results in significant reductions in equivalent CO₂ emissions. 

Q: What foam-blowing agents are most commonly used in the U.S.? How is cyclopentane different?
A: The most common foam-blowing agents in the U.S. right now are R134a and R245fa. These two industry-standard insulations can have a global warming potential (GWP) as high as 1300 (134a) and 950 (245a). Comparatively, the foam-blowing agent cyclopentane has a GWP of approximately 10. When it comes to GWPs, the lower the number is, the less adverse impact on the environment, so cyclopentane is clearly a better choice. 

Q: Are there significant insulating advantages, as well?
A: Yes, cyclopentane is approximately 4 percent more efficient than the R134a foam we currently use in most of our products. 

Q: Do other refrigerators available in the U.S. market use cyclopentane?
A: There are other manufacturers currently selling refrigerators in the U.S. that use cyclopentane. 

Q: Why hasn’t cyclopentane caught on in the United States?
A: It has been very popular as a blowing agent in Europe since the early 1990s, but the cost of retrofitting existing production facilities and the lack of U.S. regulations restricting the use of HFC’s has delayed implementation in the U.S. 

Q: Is it more expensive than other insulating materials?
A: It is competitively priced and relatively easy to produce. 

Q: Is it dangerous?
A: Like many gases, in its pure form, cyclopentane is a highly evaporative and flammable material. However once foamed, the unit is no more hazardous than a unit foamed with other blowing agents. As with any of our manufacturing processes, we’ve integrated a wide variety of redundant engineering and operational safeguards.

The difference between EPS fire resistance grades A, B, and B1:

1. Fire resistance coefficient: Class A is non combustible; Level B is further divided into three levels, with B1, B2, and B3 having different levels of combustion.
2. Flammability: Class A has zero flammability;, B1 is flame retardant, B2 is flammable, and B3 is flammable.
   At present, the common A-grade products in the market include phenolic aldehyde, rock wool, insulation mortar, foam ceramics, foam glass, and foam concrete. At present, the most advantageous A-grade material is foamed concrete, also known as foamed cement.
   EPS polystyrene board itself is a flammable material, so it is not a fireproof material in terms of fire rating. So it’s not at all A-level or B1 level. The fire resistance rating of polystyrene boards on the market is only B2 (flammable) and B3 (flammable).
   Extended Information:
   EPS physical and mechanical properties:
3. Density
   The density of EPS is determined by the expansion ratio of polystyrene particles during the forming stage, which is generally between 10 and 45kg/m3. As EPS used in engineering, its apparent density is generally between 15 and 30kg/m3.
   At present, the density of EPS used as lightweight filling material in road engineering is 20kg/m3, which is 1% to 2% of that of ordinary road filling material. Density is an important indicator of EPS, and its mechanical properties are almost directly proportional to its density.
4. Deformation characteristics
   When the confining pressure exceeds 60KPa, the yield strength significantly decreases, which is clearly different from the variation law of the soil. When axial strain ε When a ≤ 5%, regardless of the confining pressure, the volumetric strain ε V is close to axial strain ε a. The lateral deformation of EPS is small, which means the Poisson’s ratio is small.
   To minimize post construction settlement, after laying the EPS material layer, fill 1.2m of soil on it for preloading. The average compressive settlement of the EPS material layer is 32mm, and it can be calculated that the elastic modulus of EPS is 2.4MPa, and the EPS material is still in the elastic deformation stage.
5. Self-reliance
   The self-sustaining nature of EPS is very beneficial for the stability of high slopes. Due to the small lateral pressure generated by the vertical compression of EPS, the use of EPS as filling material for the roadbed at the bridge head can greatly reduce the soil pressure behind the abutment, which is very beneficial for the stability of the abutment.
   The friction coefficient f between EPS block and sand is 0.58 (dense)~0.46 (loose) for dry sand and 0.52 (dense)~0.25 (loose) for wet sand; The range of f between EPS blocks is between 0.6 and 0.7.
6. Water and temperature characteristics
   The closed cavity structure of EPS determines its good insulation performance. Its biggest characteristic when used as insulation material is its extremely low thermal conductivity, with various specifications of EPS boards having thermal conductivity ranging from 0.024W/m.K to 0.041W/m.K. EPS is a thermoplastic resin that should be used below 70 ℃ to avoid thermal deformation and strength reduction.
   Simultaneously utilizing this feature, electric heating wire processing can be used. Flame retardants can be added in production to form flame retardant EPS. Flame retardant EPS extinguishes itself within 3 seconds after leaving the ignition source. Due to the much lower bulk density of EPS compared to soil, the 1% to 10% increase in bulk density caused by water absorption can have negligible impact on engineering.
7. Durability
   EPS has stable chemical properties in water and soil, and cannot be decomposed by microorganisms; The cavity structure of EPS also makes water infiltration extremely slow; If exposed to ultraviolet radiation for a long time, the surface of EPS will change from white to yellow, and the material will appear brittle to some extent; EPS has stable properties in most solvents, but can be dissolved in organic solvents such as gasoline, diesel, kerosene, toluene, acetone, etc. This indicates that EPS fillers require a good protective layer.
   
   Reference Source: JUNYUAN PETROLEUM GROUP – EPS Blowing Agent Department (Folystyrene Foam)

Expandable polystyrene (EPS)

Revolutionary patented polystyrene production method

Expandable polystyrene (EPS) consists of polystyrene micro-pellets or beads containing a blowing agent and other additives for foaming. We have developed a continuous production process in which the blowing agent is directly injected into the melt, combined with subsequent underwater pelletization.

Commercial EPS is manufactured with the addition of a blowing agent, typically a chlorinated hydrocarbon or a low-boiling petroleum-derived agent with the presence of pentane. These substances are highly flammable; by reducing the amount of flame retardant due to the addition of gypsum, they ignited during the flame propagation test, increasing the burn rate of the GPS.

Main benefits

• The patented EPS process is economical, compact, and easy to operate
• Continuous process for consistent product quality
• Dispersing a wide range of additives and pigments is possible
• Minimized waste production
• Reduction of wastewater and process water
• Recycling possibility for waste EPS pellets/beads/foam
• Process allows developing innovative applications

Main applications

• Expandable Polystyrene

EPS Panel

The self-extinguishing, fire-retardant EPS Panel foam is manufactured from 100% virgin bead and oven-cured after manufacture to ensure the resulting blocks are completely dry and free from all residual pentane.

EPS Panel is a lightweight, CFC-free, non-brittle, closed cell insulator with more consistent thermal performance over time. It has a high dimensional stability and low water vapor transmission.

A special chemical coated to the Expanded Polystyrene beads (raw material) distinguished it from standard/common EPS Panel. Fire-Retardant EPS Panel is a self-extinguishing, non-combustible material.

Fire-retardant EPS Panel with a density of 15 kg/m3 is used for clean rooms, food processing facilities and modular buildings, while the 20 kg/m3 is used for industrial and commercial cold storage.

Core

Width (cover mm)
Thickness (mm)
Length
Exterior Facing Skin
Internal Facing Skin
Standard Colors
Joint System
Finishes
Type of SkinEPS
(Expanded Polystyrene)
1,160
50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 200, 250
Up to 12 meters
0.5mm, 0.6mm G300 CRP Steel
0.5mm, 0.6mm G300 CRP Steel
Off White
Slip Joint
Plain, Ribbed, Diamond
Anti Bacterial (AB)
Food Grade (FG)
Xterior Roof and Wall (XRW)

Features and Advantages

• Fire retardant
• Meets safety requirements
• Energy saving
• Longer lifetime
• Resistant to termites and rodents
• Customized design
• Easy to install saving cost of installation time
• High performance on insulated panel

The Oigin of Cyclopentane
A colorless, water-insoluble liquid, C5H10, obtained from petroleum and used chiefly as a solvent. Cyclopentane is a flammable liquid and its vapors can be explosive. Cyclopentane has a bond angle of about 108°C. This minimal ring strain for cyclopentane makes it a more stable compound.

Cyclopentane is in the class of cycloalkanes, being alkanes that have one or more carbon rings. It is formed by cracking cyclohexane in the presence of alumina at a high temperature and pressure.

Cyclopentane is a twisted ring in the form of an “envelope” so that one of the carbon atoms is out of the plane of the ring.

Cyclopentane is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S.

Cyclopentane is formed from pentane and is an alicyclic hydrocarbon compound that falls in the category of an alkane.

Cyclopentane is treated with chlorine in the presence of light or heat to form chloro cyclopentane which then reacts with KOC(CH3)3 forming cyclopentene. Cyclopentane has a bond angle of about 108o. This minimal ring strain for cyclopentane makes it a more stable compound. Besides, this compound occurs as a colourless liquid, and it is flammable. Moreover, it has a petrol-like odour. Cyclopentane is a simple hydrocarbon. If 0.0956 g of the compound is combusted in oxygen, 0.300 g of carbon dioxide and 0.123 g of water are produced.

Boiling point: 49 °C
Melting point: −94 °C
Molecular formula: C5H10
Other names: pentamethylene

Cyclopentane makes important contribution to energy efficiency. Junyuan Petroleum Group is a leading manufacturer of Pentanes in China.

Top 5 Uses of Pentane

Pentane is a cost-effective liquid that has several different industrial and laboratory applications.

1. Laboratory Solvents

They are the most volatile liquid alkanes (at room temperature). Because of this, they are commonly used in laboratories as solvents. Although, due to their lack of functionality and non-polarity, they only dissolve other nonpolar and alkyl-rich compounds. Pentanes are miscible with other solvents like ethers, aromatics, and chlorocarbons.

2. Chromatography

Pentane is commonly used in chromatography – which is a laboratory technique to separate components in a mixture. The mixture is passed in a suspension or solution through a medium where the components each move at different rates.

3. Blowing Agent

Pentane is used as the primary blowing agent in the production of foams like polystyrene. A blowing agent is a substance that is capable of producing a cellular structure through a foaming process. These foams are often used as insulating material in refrigerators and heating pipes

4. Binary Fluid

Because of its low boiling point, pentane is used in geothermal power stations as a binary fluid.

5. Industrial Ingredient Uses

Due to its ready availability and low cost, pentane is also used as a solvent in many common products like pesticides. It can also be used in making other chemicals, plastics, and low-grade thermometers. Acid-catalyzed isomerization can produce isopentane, which can be used in making fuels.

In 1993, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) issued its final nomenclature for organic compounds. Nomenclature (Nomenclature), as the name suggests, is the method of naming compounds. If we want to give each organic compound a name, we obviously cannot write all possible organic compounds and their names into a table. So we need to write a few very concise rules to help us quickly name even a compound that has never been seen before.

Naming structure The naming structure of organic compounds can be basically split into prefix (Prefix) and suffix (Suffix). The prefix generally indicates how many carbon atoms are in the compound. The suffix represents which functional groups (Functional Group) are contained in the compound. In other words, the suffix represents which organic compound this organic compound belongs to, such as alkanes (Alkane), alkenes (Alkene), alcohols (Alcohol) and so on. There is nothing to say about the prefix. It is purely a one-to-one table: 1 Carbon: Meth- 2 Carbons: Eth- 3 Carbons: Prop- 4 Carbons: But- 5 Carbons: Pent- 6 Carbons: Hex- 7 Carbons: Hept- 8 Carbons: Oct- 9 Carbons: Non- 10 Carbons: Dec- 11 Carbons: Undec- 12 Carbons: Dodec- … In IGCSE chemistry, we rarely see names above 7 Carbons. So everything from Meth- to Hex- must be memorized. No way, just memorize it by rote. The prefixes are only associated with carbon atoms, so you don’t need to count hydrogen atoms. You see several carbon atoms, and its prefix is the corresponding prefix. Let’s take an example.

Now that the prefixes are finished, let’s talk about suffixes. If there are only Carbon-Carbon single bond and Carbon-Hydrogen single bond in a compound, then it belongs to alkane (Alkane). Let’s take a look at the name Alkane. It can be split into Alk- prefix and -ane suffix. The Alk- prefix represents a comprehensive compound category. It does not specify the length, but it is just a placeholder. So of course, -ane is the common suffix of this kind of compound.

We still see our three previous examples. Take a closer look, in each compound, each atom is connected with a single bond (a horizontal line), so we can say that all three of them belong to Alkane, and their suffixes are all -ane. So we have a prefix, and we have a suffix, and we can name it. The first compound has the prefix Meth- and the suffix -ane, so the full name is Methane. The second compound has the prefix But- and the suffix -ane, so the full name is Butane. The third compound has a prefix of Pent- and a suffix of -ane, so its full name is Pentane. simple right?

The price of EPS products in the Chinese market today is CNY10,122.8/MT, down -0.29% from the previous trading day

Pentane is the most common expansion agent in EPS production. Low concentration of pentane can be trapped during production, inside the closed cells of EPS. By the end of the production cycle, EPS products may still contain 1-2% of Pentane by weight.

What is EPS foam made of?
WHAT IS EPS? Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is a rigid, closed cell, thermoplastic foam material produced from solid beads of polystyrene, which is polymerised from styrene monomer and contains an expansion gas (pentane) dissolved within the polystyrene bead.

type of foam is EPS?
expanded polystyrene foam
The foam that you formerly knew as styrofoam is actually expanded polystyrene foam or EPS. This material is made from polystyrene, a plastic that’s often used to make clear products like food packaging or lab equipment.

What are the different types of polystyrene?

What Are The Different Types of Polystyrene? Three major types of polystyrene include polystyrene foam, regular polystyrene plastic, and polystyrene film. Amongst the different types of foam are expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS).

Polyurethane foam is widely used in construction, refrigeration, piping and other fields due to its low density, good thermal insulation, low water absorption, low toxicity, and good processability. The blowing agent is an important auxiliary agent for the production of polyurethane foam plastics. Since the second-generation blowing agent HCFC-141b has an ODP value of 0.11 and a GWP value of 725, it has a great impact on the ozone layer and the greenhouse effect, so it can only be used as a transitional agent. use of sex substitutes. According to China’s polyurethane foam industry HCFC-141b phase-out plan (second phase), the polyurethane foam industry will gradually reduce HCFC-141b consumption based on the results achieved in the first phase, and will achieve industry-wide phase-out by the end of 2025. At present, the commonly used substitutes for HCFC-141b blowing agent mainly include pentane, water, hydrofluorocarbon (HFC), liquid carbon dioxide, hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) and methyl formate. Among them, pentane is widely used due to its advantages of environmental protection, low price, and easy availability. However, pentane is flammable and explosive, and is a dangerous chemical. The use of this kind of blowing agent requires safety renovation of production equipment and workshops. Although the initial investment of pentane foaming replacement technology is relatively high, in the long run, the comprehensive economic benefits are obvious, and it is an ideal substitute for HCFC-141b.

Chemical News reported on March 08: The price of Isopentane (CAS# 78-78-4, purity>95, water<20ppm, sulfur<1ppm, acid value<2ppm) in the Chinese market is stable, with a price of CNY10,000/MT, mainly used in polyethylene plants and LNG field.

polyethylene plant, polyethylene manufacturing, polymer plant, HDPE plant, polyethylene production, Pentane, Isopentane, methylbutane, 2-methylbutane, ethyldimethylethane, isoamylhydride

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Acrylonitrile Acrylic Fiber Acetonitrile Carbon Fiber Acrylic Yarn Recycled Polyester Regenerated Hollow Recycled Common Fiber Recycled PET Regenerated Yarn Hair Bottle Bottle Brick Viscose Zone Dissolving pulp Viscose staple fiber Viscose filament Rayon yarn Rayon cloth Lyocell Modal Refined cotton Yarn area Pure polyester yarn Polyester yarn Rayon yarn Polyester viscose yarn Pure polyester sewing thread Pure cotton yarn Cotton area Cotton Pure cotton yarn Pure cotton spandex Special Area Spandex Polypropylene Area Weaving Area Pongee Polyester Taffeta Pure Cotton Polyester Cotton Rayon Spunlace Non-woven Fabric Jeanskin Dye Area Disperse Dyes Reactive Dyes High Performance Fiber Area Carbon Fiber [Polyurethane] Soft Foam Area TDI Propylene Oxide Soft Foam Polyether POP Polyether High Resilience Polyether Elastomer Polyether Hard Foam Zone Polymerized MDI Liquefied MDI MDI-50 Modified MDI Rigid Foam Polyether F141B Foaming Agent Ethylene Oxide Curing Agent Zone L-75 TDI TMP HDI IPDI AA And Related Products AA Pure MDI DMF Butanone Slurry Sole Liquid BDO and Downstream BDO THF PTMEG PBT NMP Zone NMP GBLTPU Zone TPU CPU Polyester Polyol Polyester Resin Zone Neopentyl Glycol TMP TMA Isobutyraldehyde N-Butyraldehyde Dodecyl Carbon Alcohol Esters [Coal Chemical Industry] Coal Anthracite Thermal Coal Coking Coal PCI Coal Coking Coke Semicoal Crude Benzene High Temperature Coal Tar Medium Temperature Coal Tar Ammonium Sulfate Crude Benzene Refining Hydrogenated Benzene Hydrogenated Toluene Hydrogenated Xylene Non-aromatics Heavy Benzene Maleic Anhydride Mixed Deep processing of benzene, succinic acid, coal tar, coal tar pitch, industrial naphthalene, refined naphthalene, 2-naphthol, phthalic anhydride, water reducer, anthracene oil, washing oil, phenol oil, crude phenol, coal-fired fuel oil, light oil methanol and downstream methanol, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, methylal, methylene chloride, dichloromethane Propane Chloromethane Pentaerythritol Paraformaldehyde Urotropine [Salt Chemical] Chlor-Alkali Zone Liquid Soda Caustic Soda Yuanming Powder Liquid Chlorine Hydrochloric Acid Soda Ash Hydrogen Peroxide Raw Salt Baking Soda PVC Zone Calcium Dichloride VCM PVC PVC Paste Resin PV C Pipe PVC Profile PVC Glove Glass Area Float Glass Photovoltaic Glass Glass Fiber Boron Chemical Boric Acid Borax Bromine Chemical Bromine Flame Retardant [Fluorine Chemical Industry] Fluorine Chemical Raw Materials Fluorite Anhydrous Hydrofluoric Acid Refrigerant R22 R32 R134a R125 R410a R142b R143a R152a R404 R507 R290 R600a Trichlorethylene Tetrachlorethylene Fluoride Salt Aluminum Fluoride Cryolite Fluorine Resin PTFE FEP PVDF Hydrofluoric Acid Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid [oil chemical industry] palm oil acidified oil stearic acid glycerin fatty alcohol oleic acid dimer acid oleic acid amide palm kernel oil palmitic acid fatty amine soap grain lauric acid monoglyceride AKD hardened oil [fertilizer] sulfur sulfur powder Food Grade Sulfur Carbon Disulfide Sodium Pyrosulfite Sulfuric Acid Ferrous Sulfate Refined Sulfate Pyrite Desulfurized Iron Concentrate Powder Nitrogen Fertilizer Urea Vehicle Urea Synthetic Ammonia Ammonium Chloride Ammonium Sulfate Melamine Ammonium Bicarbonate Ammonium Nitrate Phosphate Monoammonium Phosphate Diammonium Phosphate General Calcium Heavy Calcium Industrial Grade Phosphate Monoammonium Compound Fertilizer Potassium Fertilizer Potassium Chloride Potassium Sulfate Potassium Nitrate [drug] Herbicide Organophosphorus Herbicide Cyclohexenone Herbicide Amide Herbicide Sulfonylurea Herbicide Aryloxyphenoxypropionic Acid Herbicide Diphenyl Ether herbicides Imidazolinone herbicides Other herbicides Insecticides Nicotinic insecticides Organophosphorus insecticides Biogenic insecticides Pyrethroid insecticides Carbamate insecticides Acaricide Pyrazole fungicides Other fungicides Triazole fungicides Benzimidazole fungicides Other azole fungicides Methoxyacrylate fungicides Morpholine fungicides Amide fungicides Pyrrole fungicides Other fungicides Raw material intermediates Glycine Hydrazine hydrate Triethylamine Other intermediates Plant growth regulators Paclobutrazol Ethephon Brassinin Vitamins Vitamin C Vitamin E Vitamin B Vitamin A Antibiotics Amoxicillin Penicillin Bactericides Sodium hypochlorite Trichloroisocyanuric acid Dichloro Sodium isocyanurate [lithium battery] lithium, lithium ore, lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium chloride, lithium metal, lithium fluoride, cobalt, cobalt sulfate, cobalt chloride, cobalt oxide, tricobalt tetroxide, cobalt intermediate, electrolytic cobalt, cobalt powder, cobalt carbonate cathode material, ternary precursor, ternary Materials Iron Phosphate Lithium Iron Phosphate Lithium Manganate Lithium Cobalt Oxide Manganese Dioxide Oxalic Acid Negative Material Artificial Graphite Natural Graphite Mesophase Carbon Microspheres Flake Graphite Natural Spherical Graphite Silicon-Based Negative Electrolyte Zone Electrolyte Lithium Hexafluorophosphate Vinylene Carbonate (VC ) Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC) Ethylene Carbonate (EC) Diethyl Carbonate (DEC) Propylene Carbonate (PC) Lithium Battery Separator Diaphragm Accessories Copper Foil Aluminum Foil Aluminum Plastic Film NMP PVDF Batteries and Recycling Area Lithium-ion Batteries [New Energy] Hydrogen Energy Hydrogen Fuel Cell Hydrogen Refueling Station Photovoltaic Polysilicon Silicon Wafer Cell Photovoltaic Module Photovoltaic Power Station Photovoltaic Glass [New Materials] [Industrial Gas] Oxygen Nitrogen Argon Carbon Dioxide Rare Gas Helium Neon Krypton gas Xenon gas Special gas Acetylene Ultrapure ammonia [silicon industry] monomer and intermediate Silicone DMC D4 polysilicon Silicone oil Silicone rubber 107 gum Raw rubber [paint] resin and emulsion Acrylic emulsion Acrylic resin Epoxy resin Petroleum resin Alcohol ether Propylene glycol methyl ether Ethylene glycol ether acetate Propylene glycol methyl ether acetate Ethylene glycol butyl ether Diethylene glycol butyl ether acrylate Acrylic acid Methyl acrylate Ethyl acrylate Butyl acrylate Isooctyl acrylate MMA Special ester Methacrylic acid Butyl methacrylate solvent Toluene Xylene Butyl Octanol Solvent Oil Butyl Acetate Acetone Butanone MIBK MEG Propylene Glycol Dimethyl Carbonate Ethyl Acetate Titanium Dioxide [Paper Making] Waste Paper Pulp Packaging Paper Corrugated and Container Board White Board White Cardboard Kraft Paper Cobb Paper Gray Board Household paper Cultural paper Wood chips [Agricultural products] Grain Corn Wheat Rice Miscellaneous grains Fruit and vegetable Potato Pepper Garlic Onion Apple Jujube Cotton Cotton Cotton Yarn Oil Seed Soybean Peanut Rapeseed Sesame Sunflower Vegetable Oil Soybean Oil Palm Oil Rapeseed Oil Peanut Oil Corn Meal Coconut Oil Sunflower Oil Starch Corn Starch Tapioca Starch Potato Starch Sweet Potato Starch Wheat Starch and Gluten Pea Starch Sugar Industry Starch Sugar White Sugar Feed Soybean Meal Rapeseed Meal DDGS Protein Powder and Fiber Miscellaneous Meal Fish Meal Feed Additives Pig Industry Live Pig Pork Piglet Breeding Pig Pig Vice Layer Hen Egg Broiler White Feather Broiler 817 Small white chicken, green-footed hemp chicken/yellow feather chicken, white feather chicken seedlings, duck industry food additives, sugar alcohol, monosodium glutamate, citric acid