Tag iso-Pentane

Laboratory n-hexane in reagent bottle

n-Hexane is a saturated, straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon (or alkane)

n-Hexane

n-Hexane is a saturated, straight-chain aliphatic hydrocarbon (or alkane) with the general formula CnH2n+2 and one of a series of hydrocarbons with low boiling points (between 40 and 90 °C) obtainable from petroleum by various processes (cracking, reforming). These hydrocarbons are a mixture of alkanes and cycloalkanes with five to seven carbon atoms (n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, isopentane, cyclopentane, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane). Their fractional distillation produces single hydrocarbons that may be of varying degrees of purity.

Hexane is sold commercially as a mixture of isomers with six carbon atoms, boiling at 60 to 70 °C. The isomers most commonly accompanying it are 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,3-dimethylbutane and 2,2-dimethylbutane. The term technical hexane in commercial use denotes a mixture in which are to be found not only n-hexane and its isomers but also other aliphatic hydrocarbons with five to seven carbon atoms (pentane, heptane and their isomers).

Hydrocarbons with six carbon atoms, including n-hexane, are contained in the following petroleum derivatives: petroleum ether, petrol (gasoline), naphtha and ligroin, and fuels for jet aircraft.

Brown bottled n-pentane

Is n-Pentane an organic chemical or an inorganic chemical?

Is n-Pentane an organic chemical or an inorganic chemical?

n-Pentane is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C5H12. It is the fifth member of alkanes and is often used as a solvent. Pentane is an aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon with stable chemical properties. It does not react with acid and alkali under normal temperature and pressure. Pyrolysis occurs at high temperature above 600 ℃ or in the presence of appropriate catalyst to produce mixtures of propylene, butene, isobutylene, butane and isopropane. The physical properties of n-Pentane, Isopentane and neopentane are not different, and the chemical properties are different due to their structural differences There are two isomers of n-Pentane: Isopentane and neopentane. The term “pentane” usually refers to n-Pentane, that is, its linear isomer. “Normal” generally refers to the straight chain structure, for example, “n-” Pentane is straight chain “ISO” generally refers to a branched chain structure, for example, Isopentane is 2 – methylbutane “New” generally refers to the isomer with two branched chain structures. For example, neopentane is 2,2-dimethylpropane and above are all pentane.

normal pentane in lab flask

Pentane foaming agent used in EPS foaming production

Normal Pentane

Categories: Pentanes
Product Short Description: N-PENTANE AR
Product Description:

n-Pentane is a flammable liquid. It is used as a solvent, as a building block chemical in reactions to form other industrial substances, as a component of fuel, and as an aerosol propellant. 
Product Application:

N PENTANE (Pentane) is used principally as a blowing agent in foam production, as a propellant in aerosols and as reaction media for polymerisation processes. It is used in the laboratory as solvents that can be conveniently and rapidly evaporated.

Main Uses:

It is mainly used as high-efficiency foaming agent/blowing agent for expandable polystyrene.

Product Note:

n-Pentane appears as a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point 57°F. Boiling point 97°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water.

Major Applications of the Market are:
EPS Blowing Agent, Electronic Cleaning, Chemical Solvent, Aerosol Propellant, Others

Major Company in China:
Junyuan Petroleum Group

Major Types of the Market are:
Pentane 85/15, Pentane 80/20, Pentane 70/30, Pentane 60/40, Pentane 50/50, Pentane 20/80, Others

N-hexane product card, which describes the technical composition and parameters of n-hexane in detail and is provided with photos of barreled n-hexane

Are There Different Hexane Grades of Purity?

Are There Different Hexane Grades of Purity?

Yes, there are. Junyuan Petroleum Group can make many different grades of our hexanes to satisfy the client’s requirements for purity. For example, several products, such as extra pure n-Hexane have a super-pure grades for the pharmaceuticals, reagent and biotech industries. This means the accuracy of the blending, the nonvolatile residues and water content are all exactly where you want them, and this information is included on the Normal Hexane Product Specs.

Product name :Normal Hexane
CAS NO.:108-78-1
H.S.Code:293361
MF:C3H6N6
EINECS No.:203-615-4

Technical Parameters

ITEM

n-Hexane, 60%

n-Hexane, 80%

n-Hexane, 99%

CAS Number 110-54-3 110-54-3 110-54-3
Purity Grade Food Grade Industrial Grade Pharmaceutical Grade

IBP ( °C )

≥65

≥65

≥65

DP ( °C )

≤71

≤71

≤71

DENSITY(20°C )

660-680

660-680

660-680

N-HEXANE (wt%)

≥60

≥80

≥97

SULPHUR(mg/kg)

≤1

≤1

≤1

BENZENE(wt%)

≤0.0300

≤0.0300

≤0.0300

BROMINE INDEX(mg/100g)

≤3

≤3

≤3

APPEARANCE

BRIGHT & CLEAR

BRIGHT & CLEAR

BRIGHT & CLEAR

COLOUR, SAYBOLT

+28

+28

+28

Application

  • Mainly used as solvent, such as vegetable oil extraction solvent, propylene polymerization solvent, rubber and paint solvent, pigment diluent.
  • It is used for the extraction of various edible oils such as soybeans, rice bran, cottonseeds, and spices. In addition, the isomerization of n-Hexane is one of the important processes for producing high-octane gasoline blending components.

Package

Packed in Drums/ISO TANK

Related Products

n-Pentane, Isopentane

Mixed pentane blowing agent, in which n-pentane and isopentane account for 50%, i.e. pentane 50 / 50

PENTANE (ISO-NORMAL) PENTANE 50/50

n-Pentane

CAS NO. 109-66-0

Chemical formula C5H12

n-Pentane, a highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon. It has three structural isomers, n-Pentane isomer, isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane).

Pentane blends is mixed by n-Pentane andIsopentane by certain ratio, mainly used as blowing/expandable agent, for EPS foaming, etc. Saturated acyclic hydrocarbons;
(ISO TANK) PENTANE (ISO-NORMAL) PENTANE 50/50  (ACYCLIC HYDROCARBONS)

Pentane 80/20 is a blend of 80% n-Pentane and 20% Isopentane.

Pentane 60/40 is a blend of 60% n-Pentane and 40% Isopentane.

Pentane 50/50 is a blend of 50% n-Pentane and 50% Isopentane.

Customer-taliored grade is avaliable.

2. Specification or COA

ItemUnitSpecificationTest Result
AppearanceClear colorlessClear colorless
Color-saybolt+30min+30min
PentaneWt%99min99.87
n-PentaneWt%84-8684.4455
IsopentaneWt%14-1615.4247
CyclopentaneWt%1max0.1132
Hexane and heavierWt%0.1max0
Butane and lighterWt%0.1max0
Benzeneppm10maxNon detected
Total Oleffinesmg/kg20maxNon detected
Total Sulfurppm1max0.25
Bromine IndexmgBr/100g10max1.5
Waterppm30max10
Non volatile mattermg/100mL0.5max0.01

3. Product Application

n-Pentane is mainly used as a primary blowing agent in the manufacturing of polystyrene foam like EPS, PIR etc. It is used because of its lower cost compared to other chemicals, low boiling point and relative safety when in use.

n-Pentane is also used as a solvent and in varied industrial applications such as pharmaceutical, petrochemical, paints & coatings.

4. Packing & Delivery

Standard export neutral packing in 15MT ISO TANK or 200-Liter drums.

Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company's cargox registration code

Company Registration Number on Cargox Plateform

Company Profile

When exporting to Egypt, we provide our Egyptian counterparty with our CargoX ID registration number. Please note that our company’s CargoX ID number is 36 characters long string.

CargoX Ltd is a global company specializing in document transfer solutions, based on blockchain transaction and an ownership validation platform. The core team of founders brings together more than 100 years of experience in the logistics, banking, programming, IT and blockchain industries.

Today, the company is building a network of partnerships with leading regional and global manufacturers and service providers, and team members are actively partaking in standard-forming bodies to ensure industry-wide interoperability.

Company Name:
Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company
 Branches
 Beijing . Dongying (Shandong) . Qingdao (Shandong) . Kuitun (Xinjiang)
Business Type: Manufacturer, Exporter, Importer
Location: No. 117, Guangqing Rd., Guangrao County, Dongying  257345 China
Membership: Sinopec, PetroChina, CNOOC market member since 2006
Main Item / Product: n-Pentane, Isopentane, Cyclopentane, Pentane Blend, Blowing Agent, n-Hexane, Isohexane, n-Heptane
National Company Registration Number 91370523789262330N
Company Registration Number on Cargox Plateform:  CARGOX No. : bae1b60a-6b2b-41e6-a9c3-3269d0086927.
Main Target Region: World Wide
Safety / Quality Approvals: ISO 9001-2000
Representative / CEO’s Name: Miao Guangfa
Year Established: 2006
Employees Total: 500+
 Web:
 www.junyuanpetroleumgroup.com
Email:
 info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com

Solvents and hydrocarbons in storage tank farm

Solvents and hydrocarbons

Solvents and Hydrocarbons

In crude oil refineries, organic solvents are produced as volatile fractions. The hydrocarbon solvent contains alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic components in different proportions. Aliphatic solvents and aromatic solvents. The molecules of the aliphatic solvent have a straight chain structure. Hexane (c6h14), gasoline (gasoline, benzene) and kerosene are aliphatic solvents. Aliphatic solvents are used for oil extraction, degreasing, rubber and paint manufacturing, and as carriers of aerosols and disinfectants. A medium heavy aliphatic solvent produced from distillates of crude oil. These types of compounds have hydrocarbon molecular compositions of different lengths, which makes them suitable for various application fields.

Hexane is part of our series of special boiling point (SBP) aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents for de aromatization. These high purity fluids have a stable composition and a fixed narrow boiling point range, so they are particularly suitable for applications or industrial process conditions that require specific evaporation / drying performance. The main application fields include polymerization process, professional coatings and adhesives, pharmaceutical and food extraction process, industrial cleaning and degreasing, textile and rubber manufacturing, and catalyst preparation.

Heptane is a colorless liquid with low odor, medium boiling range and very narrow boiling range. It has relatively low odor and rapid drying characteristics. It can dissolve many organic compounds and evaporate easily, which means that it is used as a solvent or diluent in a wide range of industrial applications. The main application fields include polymerization process, professional coatings and adhesives, pharmaceutical extraction process, industrial cleaning and degreasing, textile and rubber manufacturing. Most importantly, catalyst preparation is one of the key applications.

Pentane is a group of high-purity aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents, including n-pentane and isopentane and mixtures of these two components. N-pentane is very suitable as blowing agent and propellant in polymerization process. Pentane plays a fundamental role in the production of polystyrene and polyurethane foams. It is a foaming agent, which helps to expand raw plastic materials and form honeycomb structure in foam, giving excellent thermal performance. In the polymerization process, pentane acts as a diluent, dissolves components and assists reactions between other chemicals without interfering with the polymerization process.

The molecules of the pure aromatic solvent have a benzene ring structure, such as benzene (C6H6), toluene (C6H5CH3), and xylene (C8H10). Pure (high) aromatic solvents are used for degreasing, as diluents, and in the manufacture of paints, printing inks, pesticides and agricultural chemicals.

  • Cyclohexane
  • n-Heptane
  • n-Butane
  • n-Pentane
  • iso-Butane
  • Isopentane
  • n-Hexane
  • n-Paraffin
  • Sulfolane
  • Furfural
  • IsoDodecane
  • Solvent Naphtha 150
  • Solvent Naphtha 200
  • De aromatized Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Photo of the factory main gate, Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company

An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Company

Our core products: Normal Pentane, n-Pentane, Isopentane, Pentane Blend, Blowing Agent, Normal Heptane, n-Heptane, Normal Hexane, n-Hexane, Pentane Blends, Blowing Agents, Cyclopentane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, iso-Pentane, Isohexane. Sales inquiry: info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com

Dongying liangxin petrochemical technology development limited company was established in Dongying, Shandong province, where China’s second largest oil field locates. We mainly operate on the deep-processed light hydrocarbon such as iso-pentane, n-pentane, iso-butane, n-butane, cyclopentane and so on. They were known for their high purity, no olef in, very low sulphur and aromatics. In the field of EPS blowing agent, polyethylene condensing agent, non-Fresno air-condition, freezer, petrochemical and so on, they all have a wide use. We are in the supplier net to provide our products for CNPC, Sinopec, and sell also sell them home and abroad. Our products have a wide market and bright prospects.

  In 2006, we invested 30 million for the first phrase project, with the annual production of high purity pentane 10000 tons. In 2010, we invest 70 million to expand the cycling water, electricity power, vapour, nitrogen and other sharing system, build the new equipment of refrigerant production and purification. This was completed by the June 2011, the annual pentane and refrigerants production will be 50000 tons. Now we are preparing for the third phrase construction, with the planning invest of 50 million to increase the annual production to 100000 tons. By that time,we will be the leading enterprise in our field.

  Advocating the development concept“People-oriented, Revitalizing with science and technology, Strengthening with the talents”, and adhering to the business principle“Quality First, Customer Priority”, the company has introduced Central DCS System developed by Zhejiang University in a high starting point way; established long-stand cooperation in R&D and technology with academic institutes and famous universities including China University of Petroleum, Tianjin University; invited with high salary a galaxy of high-educated and high skilled talents. All these laid the foundation of knowledge and talent for the long-term development.With full determination, the company is capable of making scientific and long-term strategy, and developing Liangxin to a famous brand in high purity pentane and new industrial refrigerant within 3-5 years, providing customers home and abroad with high-quality products and service.

Contact Information
  • Company Name:Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company
  •   
  • Telephone:+86 178 1030 0898
  • WhatsApp:+86 178 1030 0898
  • Email:info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com
  • Website:www.junyuanpetroleumgroup.com
  • Country/Territory:China
  • Office Address:
    N0.42 Shengxing street, Jinan road, Dongying city, Shandong, China
  • Zipcode:257000

Dongying Junyuan Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company Dongying site has an ISO 9001:2015 quality management system. We are a firm believer in the ISO 9001 philosophy of producing quality products that are designed to meet the specific needs of our customers.

Technical Data Sheet

Isohexane. CAS Number. 107-83-5. Molecular Weight. 86.175. Density. 0.7±0.1 g/cm3. Boiling Point. 59.6±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg.
Name: 2-methylpentane
Signal Word: Danger
Symbol: GHS02, GHS07, GHS08, GHS09

Technical Data Sheet

Product: Isohexane Lot No.: LX07292238 Storage Tank No.: V308
Standard: Q/LYF-2010
Item Specification Test result Test Method
Appearance Clear and colorless passed Visual inspect
Isohexane %   ≥ 99 99.34 GB17608
Distillation Rang(5-95%)℃ 54-64 59-63 GB/T6536
Total sulfur  ppm <1 <1 SH/T 0253
Benzene    ppm <100 3 GC
Water  content  p p m <100 31 UOP 744-86
Density g/m3  20℃   0.655-0.686 0.657 GB/T1884
Bromine index mgBr/100g <50 <10 GB/T 11135
Non-volatile matter g/100ml <1 0.01 GB17602
2-methylpentane  % 60-80 71.41 GC
3-methylpentane  % 10-30 16.63 GC
2,3-dimethylbutane % 1-20 11.2 GC

Physical Properties

Chemical Formula:
  • C6H12
Flash Point: data unavailable
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL): data unavailable
Upper Explosive Limit (UEL): data unavailable
Autoignition Temperature: data unavailable
Melting Point: data unavailable
Vapor Pressure: data unavailable
Vapor Density (Relative to Air): data unavailable
Specific Gravity: data unavailable
Boiling Point: data unavailable
Molecular Weight: data unavailable
Water Solubility: data unavailable
Ionization Energy/Potential: data unavailable
IDLH: data unavailable

Chemical Identifiers

CAS Number UN/NA Number DOT Hazard Label USCG CHRIS Code
  • 27236-46-0
  • 2288
  • Flammable Liquid
none
NIOSH Pocket Guide International Chem Safety Card
none none
NFPA 704
data unavailable
General Description
A colorless liquid. Insoluble in water and less dense than water. Vapors heavier than air. Used as a solvent.

Pentane Blends

Expansion of Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)
Expansion Basics • Heat Is Applied • Beads Expand • Beads Cool • Beads Age
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Heat Is Applied • Blowing agent(s) vaporizes (28oC iso-pentane, 35oC normal-pentane, 49oC cyclo-pentane) • Blowing agent(s) permeate through the polymer (n-pentane<i-pentane<c-pentane)
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand • Polymer/blowing agent matrix reaches it’s glass transition temperature (Tg) (about 85oC, varies according to Mw & BA type) • Polymer chains become fluid • Internal pressure created by blowing agent vaporization push apart [unfold] polymer chains, creating cells
Expansion – Behind the Scenes
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand (cont.) • Air & steam permeate into the beads • As expansion continues, cell walls become thin and subjection to high heat can cause them to break and rupture
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand (cont.) • Throughout expansion, blowing agent(s) continue(s) to permeate out of the bead at an increasing rate [depending on temperature and thickness of cell walls] (When permeation rate =/> vaporization rate, expansion ceases)
Blowing agents begin to vaporize Polymer/blowing agent matrix reaches its Tg Cell walls begin to rupture Expansion begins after reaching Tg and proceeds rapidly Loss of blowing agent becomes more rapid as temperature increases
Primary Expansion Controls • Temperature • Time
Temperature Affects • Greater the temperature • Softer the polymer • Increased expansion rate • May result in uneven expansion due to inconsistent • pentane content • bead size • cell structure • raw material “carry over” [extreme cases] • Increased permeation rate of blowing agent
Expansion verses Temperature • <100oC • Expansion can be sluggish due to stiff polymer • >120oC • Polymer is too soft, blowing agent loss is too rapid • 110-120oC • Most efficient use of blowing agent, but beads become sensitive to shrinkage and heat • 100-110oC • Best compromise
Steam Quality • Key to Expansion • Consistent utilities are crucial to achieve consistent densities with consistent volatile content
Secondary Expansion Controls • Volume of Expander • Molecular Weight • Blowing Agent • Bead Size
Expander Volume Affects the total heat available to each bead • Things that can change it • Drop/charge weight • Lumps in expander that don’t discharge • Build up on walls or stir blades
Molecular Weight • The lower the molecular weight, • Increased expandability • Increased heat sensitivity • Increased permeation rate of blowing agent • Increased shrinkage • Increased collapse • Structural strength
Blowing Agent • Amount • Higher percentages give greater expandability (to a point) • Too high a percentage causes rapid permeation thus shrinkage, collapse and heat sensitivity
Blowing Agent • Type • The longer the blowing agent stays in the bead, • Increased expandability • Reduced shrinkage rate • Increased prepuff life (from expansion to mold) • Relative retention n-pentane < i-pentane < c-pentane

Blowing Agent • Degree of Distribution (has a direct affect on cell size) • Expandability • Heat sensitivity • Structural strength • R-Factor (insulation properties) • Permeation rate
Poor Distribution of Blowing Agent Blowing Agent Good Distribution of Blowing Agent
Bead Size • The larger the bead, the easier it is to achieve low densities • Less surface area for blowing agent to permeate out of
Expander Equipment • Continuous • Batch • Wet • Dry
Continuous Expanders • Description • Material is fed into the bottom of the expansion chamber where it is subjected to steam under agitation, material expands and as density decreases, material rises to the top and out the exit chute. • Rely on Time & Temperature
Continuous Expanders • Main Controls • Feed rate • Steam pressure (temperature) • Agitation rate • Outlet height • Fresh air introduction (temperature)
Batch Expanders • Description • A pre-weighed quantity of material is dropped (or charged) into the expansion chamber where either the expander walls are jacketed with steam (dry) &/or steam is injected into the chamber (wet). An agitator keeps material moving. Vacuum, purge or water inject may be used to stop the expansion. • Rely on time, temperature &/or volume
Batch Expanders • Main Controls • Steam pressure (temperature) • Volume or height • Time • Charge weight • Vacuum or purge time • Water inject
Density Check • Consistency is the Key • Procedure • Prepuff is overfilled into a known volume (pre-tared) container. The container is vibrated or tapped (vibration is more consistent). A straight edge is used to strike the top level with the canister. The canister is reweighed and the density calculated.
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Age, a.k.a. Maturing or Stabilizing • Internal moisture [from condensed steam] permeates out of the bead • Air permeates into the bead until internal and external pressures equal • Blowing agent(s) continue(s) to permeate out of the bead (n-pentane>i-pentane>c-pentane)
Why Age Prepuff? • Foam becomes more resilient after it’s stabilized • Internal vacuum makes beads susceptible to deformation • Reduces blowing agent levels • Too high a blowing agent level leads to excessive cool times and heat sensitivity during molding • Dry prepuff • Improves ease of transportation
Volatile Content on Aging
Aging • Key • A consistent environment is important to provide prepuff to mold with a consistent volatile content
Aging Time Controls • Environment • Air flow Time • Temperature Time • Density Time • Bead Size Time • Blowing Agent Type(boiling point & molecular complexity) Time • Polymer Mw Time
Expansion – Troubleshooting • High Density • Insufficient steam pressure/temperature • check traps, valves, accumulator pressure • steam flow restricted Note: by monitoring both steam pressure and steam temperature, you’ll know your steam quality. • Insufficient steam times • Too high a throughput through expander (continuous) gives raw material carry-over • Wet material
Expansion – Troubleshooting • High Density (continued) • Collapsed or over expanded prepuff • Low blowing agent content in raw EPS • Additive problem (block and shape EPS grades) • Increased drop weight • Electric eye level too low
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Low Density • High steam pressure/temperature • Longer steam times • Reduced drop/charge weight • Wet material • Over dried material • High blowing agent content • Surface additives (block & shape grade EPS) • Electric eye level too high
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Density Fluctuations • Inconsistent steam pressure/temperature • Inconsistent steam time • Erratic drop/charge weights • Inconsistent measuring techniques • Inconsistent blowing agent content • High static (affects electric eye)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Density Fluctuations (continued) • Purge valve sticking • Vacuum problems • Inconsistent water inject volume • Poor additive distribution (block & shape grade EPS)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Wet Prepuff • Common on expander start up • Wet steam • Purge valve or vacuum not working • Poor air flow through fluid bed dryer • Too much material in the fluid bed dryer
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Bead Collapse • Over-expanded • Excessive steam pressure/temperature • Excessive steam time • Too high an expansion rate • Thermal shock after expansion • Blades too close to walls or bottom of expansion chamber • Wrong additive package (block and shape grade EPS)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Lumping • Too much moisture (condensate) • Inadequate stirring • Excessive steam pressure/temperature • Anti-lumping agent level too low • Hot spots in expander • Excessive steam time
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Irregular Prepuff (size/appearance) • Poor or irregular steam flow • Hot spots in expander • Insufficient time in expander • Contamination of prepuff in raw EPS (double pass) • Irregular raw EPS

Pentane

Pentane is a colorless, flammable liquid (the first liquid member of the alkanes) that is lighter than water. It has a pleasant odor that can be detected at 900 ppm, and a moderate odor intensity is observed at 5000 ppm. It occurs as two other isomers, including isopentane [(CH3)2CHCH2CH3] and neopentane [C(CH3)4]. Isopentane (2-methylbutane) apparently has physical and physiological characteristics similar to straight-chain pentane. Neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) is similar to butane in physical and physiological characteristics. In air, one part per million of C5 pentane is equivalent to 3 mg m−3.

Modifying Processing Characteristics: Blowing Agents

It is expected that the trend towards use of carbon dioxide will continue but, where it is not possible to achieve the necessary properties, flammable organic compounds will be used. Expensive, partially fluorinated HFCs with their relatively high GWP will only be used where non-flammability is essential. Chlorine-containing compounds, however, must be replaced completely.

Pentane presents itself as a possible solution to finding an efficient blowing agent which also meets environmental regulations, and years of experience in using it have shown that processing can be safe, as long as safety devices are fully implemented. Bayer’s PU machinery subsidiary, Hennecke GmbH, has developed a state-of-the-art system that monitors all critical control points along the processing chain, to ensure safe production. Among the features are:


completely encapsulated machinery and units (including in-line blenders, work tank, and high-pressure reaction casting machine), also aerated and fitted with exhaust devices, pentane gas sensors, and other safety devices;


a metering and blending supervisory system (Pentament), also permanently vented to prevent gas build up;


an electronic security system controlling all safety features, which can shut down operations, if necessary;


pentane gas warning sensors monitoring all critical components; and


an independent decentralized control system, alerted to all trouble indicators from primary and secondary sensors and monitors.

The modifications were designed to add safety checks to all critical points, first pinpointing all potential hazards (such as ignition sources, leakage points, and static charging) and then developing integrated safeguards.

Bayer and Apache Products have discovered that, by extrusion mixing of high levels of fillers and/or diluents in a PU formulation, loadings of 10–50% filler by weight can be achieved while maintaining or improving key physical properties. The technology makes it possible to handle high-viscosity dispersions effectively, which may reduce production costs of rigid boardstock. Use of solid fillers, solid combustion modifiers, and hollow fillers was studied, suggesting that the higher cost of hollow fillers can be offset by density reduction in the foam board and increase in compressive strength.

Use of this more environmentally friendly alternative may be facilitated for manufacturers of domestic appliances following the introduction of new safety features in the CycloFlex and LinFlex systems for refrigerator cabinet production. Hennecke Machinery has developed a comprehensive safety system for pentane-based foam production, meeting many of the reservations of US manufacturers of PU board.

The principle of Pentane Blowing Agent Use

Pentane blowing agent use the principle of foaming agent and foaming agent differentiation physical foaming agent. Chemical foaming agent is break down to form gas at high temperature decomposition ( N2, CO2, NH3, etc. ) Organic and inorganic substances. This is usually a exothermic decomposition process and irreversible. Physical foaming agent can be liquid, also can be in normal circumstances have vaporized material. The physical foaming agent including aliphatic, hydrocarbons ( Pentane, hexane, decane, etc. ) 。 Chlorine hydrocarbon ( A the methane of cl, methylene chloride, etc. ) 。 Chlorine – Fluorocarbon compounds ( Cross-linked with methane, a fluorine dichlorodifluoromethane, etc. ) CO2, N2, rare gas and air. Regular physical foaming is refers to the the physical foaming agent and resin matrix mixing by changing the conditions in the process of operation; According to the principle of thermodynamic instability that changes the physical foaming agent.Then the process of generating bubbles.

Free first page
THERMOSETTING FOAMS

Non–fluorinated blowing agents.

n–Pentane has been used in European countries, e.g., Germany, as a blowing agent for rigid urethane foams. According to Heiling and co–workers’ test results, it has been concluded that there were no indications of higher risks in the case of a real fire. Specifically, the fear concerning explosive–gas mixtures of pentane and air was not confirmed. Explosion–proof dispensing machines have been developed by some companies. Cyclopentane can also be used as a physical blowing agent.

Recently n–pentane–based blowing agents of a blend type have been patented. This patent claims the use of a blend of liquid hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon, e.g., a blend of n–pentane and methylene chloride. This method is a convenient way to produce various rigid foams, e.g., polyurethane foams, polyisocyanurate foams, and polyoxazolidone foams. Methylene chloride and pentane have nearly equal boiling points and their blends act like a single solvent. The use of methylene chloride alone results in foam collapse, but a blend of the two solvents does not result in such collapse. A blend of 80/20–90/10 wt % of methylene chloride/pentane is substantially non–combustible, and can be used as the blowing agent for polyisocyanurate–based foams. For rigid polyurethane foams, a blend of about 50/50 wt % is suitable. These blends could solve the disadvantages of 100% water–blown rigid foams mentioned above.

What will be the next generation of blowing agents? Decaire et al. list the requirements for alternative blowing agents as follows: zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), non–flammable or moderately flammable, 50°C boiling point upper limit, and molecular weight below 180. In addition, the cost ($/mole) of a blowing agent is another important industrial factor.

The use of some azeotropic mixtures as blowing agents for rigid urethane foams have been proposed by Doerge. These blowing agents include CFC–11/methyl formate (238), and HCFC–141b/2–methyl butane. Ashida et al disclosed halogen–free azeotropes.

2–Chloropropane as blowing agent for rigid urethane foams has been developed by Recticel.

Mixed gas/liquid blowing agents for rigid urethane foams have also been proposed. The patent claims the use of hydrocarbons having boiling points (a) less than 10°C or (b) 20–30°C, or (c) an inert organic liquid having a boiling point of 35–125°C. Another mixed blowing agent for rigid urethane foams was proposed by a patent which claims the use of a mixture of cycloalkanes, e.g., cyclopentane and cyclohexane, and, if necessary, water The non–fluorinated blowing agents described above can also be applied to polyisocyanurate foams, polyoxazolidone foams, polyurea foams, etc.

Methylene chloride has been used as an auxiliary blowing agent for a long period of time. In some countries, however, due to possible occupational and environmental problems, increased restrictions have been placed on the use of methylene chloride. Therefore, other types of auxiliary blowing agents have been proposed.

Liquefied carbon dioxide is proposed as an auxiliary blowing agent for water–blown flexible urethane foams. Hydrocarbons having a boiling point of 38–100°C are proposed for use in self–skin foam production. Blends of hydrocarbons having a boiling point above −50°C and below 100°C have been proposed as auxiliary blowing agents for water–blown flexible foams.

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