Transforming Catalyst Activation in Refineries with Safer Alternatives

Abstract: Sulfiding, the process of activating hydroprocessing catalysts in refineries, traditionally relied on dimethyl disulfide (DMDS). While effective, DMDS presents safety, handling, and environmental challenges. Di-tert-butyl polysulfide (DTBPS) emerges as a superior alternative, offering increased safety due to a higher flashpoint, a less offensive odor, nonregulated transportation, and reduced SOx emissions. Pilot studies confirm that DTBPS performs on par with DMDS while enabling quicker sulfiding at lower temperatures. Despite minor differences in sulfur content, DTBPS is endorsed by catalyst manufacturers as a safer, efficient, and environmentally favorable sulfiding agent.

Keywords: Sulfiding, hydroprocessing catalysts, DTBPS, DMDS, refinery safety, SOx emissions, catalyst activation.

This article explores the key factors in the sulfiding process of hydroprocessing catalysts and their impact on catalyst performance. By analyzing the types of sulfiding agents, sulfiding conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, time), and catalyst support properties, effective strategies for optimizing the sulfiding process are proposed. The article highlights Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS) as a novel sulfiding agent, which offers superior safety, lower odor, and easier transportation and storage compared to the traditional Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS). Laboratory and industrial-scale studies demonstrate that DTBPS performs equally to DMDS in terms of sulfiding efficiency and catalyst performance, while significantly reducing environmental risks and operational costs. The article concludes with future research directions, emphasizing the need for further advancements in sulfiding technology driven by both environmental and economic benefits.

Key Terms:

• Hydroprocessing catalysts
• Sulfiding process
• Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS)
• Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS)
• Catalyst performance
• Optimization strategies
• Industrial applications
• Environmental technology

Main Content

1. Importance of the Sulfiding Process

Hydroprocessing catalysts are widely used in refineries for hydrotreating, hydrodesulfurization, and hydrocracking units. Initially, catalysts are in an inert/inactive state, with active metals in oxide form. Sulfiding activates the catalyst by reacting the active metals with hydrogen sulfide, which is typically generated in situ from sulfur in the feedstock or provided by a sulfiding agent.

2. Limitations of Traditional Sulfiding Agent DMDS

Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) has been widely used as a sulfiding agent for many years, but it has several drawbacks:

• Safety Hazards: DMDS has a low flash point (16°C), posing fire risks during transportation, storage, and use.
• Odor Issues: DMDS has a strong, unpleasant odor, which can be a nuisance to workers and surrounding communities.
• Transportation Restrictions: Due to its low flash point, DMDS is subject to strict transportation regulations, potentially leading to additional demurrage charges.
• Environmental Emissions: The methane produced during DMDS decomposition dilutes hydrogen in the recycle gas, increasing sulfur dioxide (SOₓ) emissions.

3. Advantages of the New Sulfiding Agent DTBPS

Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS) is a novel sulfiding agent with the following advantages:

• Enhanced Safety: DTBPS has a high flash point (100°C), significantly reducing fire risks.
• Low Odor: DTBPS has a mild, diesel-like odor, making it more tolerable for workers and communities.
• Easier Transportation: Classified as non-hazardous, DTBPS offers greater flexibility in transportation and storage.
• Environmental Benefits: The isobutane byproduct from DTBPS decomposition does not dilute hydrogen in the recycle gas, reducing SOₓ emissions.

4. Pilot-Plant and Industrial Applications

Pilot-plant studies confirmed that DTBPS performs equally to DMDS in terms of sulfiding efficiency and catalyst performance. DTBPS decomposes at a lower temperature (160°C) compared to DMDS (200°C), allowing sulfiding to begin at lower catalyst bed temperatures. This reduces the risk of catalyst damage due to high-temperature reduction and shortens the sulfiding process time.

5. Limitations of DTBPS

DTBPS has a slightly lower sulfur content (56%) compared to DMDS (68%), requiring a slightly higher dosage to achieve the same sulfiding effect. However, this drawback is outweighed by its safety, environmental benefits, and operational convenience.

6. Industry Acceptance and Future Outlook

DTBPS has been tested and approved by major catalyst manufacturers worldwide as a safe and efficient alternative to DMDS. As environmental regulations become stricter, DTBPS is expected to gain broader adoption in the refining industry.

Tables and Figures

• Table 1: Comparison of DMDS and DTBPS Sulfiding Methods
• DTBPS:
• Low odor and high flashpoint (212°F/100°C): Safer to handle with reduced fire risk, allowing for nonregulated transport.
• Low decomposition temperature (320°F/160°C): Provides a better safety margin for catalyst reduction.
• Industry acceptance: Rapidly gaining global market share and approved by catalyst manufacturers.
• Efficiency: Sulfiding process completes in 1-2 hours, which is faster than DMDS.
• DMDS:
• Strong odor: Described as “decaying cabbage,” making it unpleasant for workers and communities.
• Low flashpoint (61°F/16°C): Requires Department of Transportation (DOT)-regulated transport and specialized handling.
• Moderate decomposition temperature (392°F/200°C): Standard for current industry processes.
• Industry standard: Widely recognized and approved, but the sulfiding process takes 18-36 hours, much longer compared to DTBPS.
• Table 2: Comparison of Chemical and Physical Properties of DMDS and DTBPS
• DTBPS is a safer and more efficient alternative to DMDS in catalyst sulfiding. It offers significant advantages such as:
• Safety: A higher flashpoint and lower decomposition temperature make it safer and reduce the risks of fire.
• Environmental Impact: DTBPS minimizes SOx emissions due to its byproduct (isobutane) and prevents hydrogen dilution in the recycle gas.
• Convenience: Nonregulated transportation simplifies logistics, while low odor improves workplace conditions.
• The trade-off for DTBPS is its lower sulfur content (56% vs. DMDS’s 68%), requiring slightly more volume to achieve equivalent sulfiding.
• Pilot studies confirm DTBPS matches DMDS in catalytic activity and delivers added benefits like shorter sulfiding times (1-2 hours vs. 18-36 hours). Globally, catalyst manufacturers recognize DTBPS as an effective alternative. Overall, DTBPS’s properties make it the preferred choice for safer, faster, and environmentally favorable refinery operations.
• Additional Insights: Hydrodesulfurization Efficiency of Catalysts Sulfided with DTBPS and DMDS
• Hydrocarbon Byproducts:
  • DMDS produces methane as its hydrocarbon byproduct during sulfiding. This methane tends to accumulate in the recycle gas stream, diluting hydrogen and lowering the hydrogen partial pressure. This often requires gas purging and hydrogen makeup, leading to SOx emissions and wasted resources.
  • In contrast, DBPS generates isobutane, which exits with liquid hydrocarbons from the high-pressure separator. This prevents hydrogen dilution and reduces SOx emissions, making it a more environmentally responsible choice.
• Operational Efficiency:
  • The lower decomposition temperature of DBPS (320°F/160°C) allows sulfiding to begin at a lower catalyst bed temperature, which reduces the risks associated with catalyst overheating (exotherms). This also shortens the sulfiding time, leading to cost savings by minimizing reactor downtime.
• Global Adoption:
  • Catalyst manufacturers worldwide endorse DBPS as a viable alternative to DMDS. Its ease of use, safety advantages, and comparable effectiveness make it a promising choice for refiners aiming to optimize operations.
• Minor Considerations:
  • The slightly lower sulfur content of DBPS (54% versus 68% for DMDS) requires a marginally higher volume of DBPS to achieve the same level of catalyst sulfiding. However, this minor inconvenience is outweighed by the safety, handling, and environmental benefits.
• Conclusion:
• DBPS stands out as a safer, more environmentally friendly, and efficient alternative to DMDS in the hydroprocessing catalyst sulfiding process. Its adoption reflects a move towards greener and more sustainable practices in the refining industry. While it does require a marginally larger dosage, the overall benefits—ranging from reduced SOx emissions to simplified handling—make it a compelling choice for modern refineries.

Conclusion

DTBPS, as a novel sulfiding agent, offers significant advantages in safety, environmental performance, and operational convenience, making it an ideal replacement for traditional DMDS. Despite its slightly lower sulfur content, its overall benefits make it the preferred choice for optimizing sulfiding processes in refineries.

Unlocking the Power of Tertiary-Butyl Polysulfide for Refining, Lubrication, and Chemical Manufacturing

Abstract

Tertiary-Butyl Polysulfide (TBPS), also known as Di-tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS), is a high-performance chemical widely used in catalyst sulfiding, lubricant additives, and specialty chemical manufacturing. Its high sulfur content, stability, and unique chemical properties make it an essential compound for hydroprocessing catalysts, extreme-pressure lubricants, and industrial applications requiring sulfur-based additives. This article explores its chemical properties, industrial applications, advantages, and market trends, offering valuable insights into its growing importance across industries.

Keywords:

TBPS, DTBPS, Tertiary-Butyl Polysulfide, Di-tert-Butyl Polysulfide, catalyst sulfiding agent, industrial lubricants, hydroprocessing catalysts, extreme-pressure additives, sulfur compounds, petrochemical applications

1. Introduction

In the world of industrial chemistry, certain compounds stand out for their versatility and high performance. Tertiary-Butyl Polysulfide (TBPS), also known as Di-tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS), is one such compound. Renowned for its high sulfur content and stability, TBPS/DTBPS plays a critical role in oil refining, lubrication, and petrochemical processes.

As industries strive for cleaner fuels, more efficient refining processes, and high-performance lubricants, the demand for effective sulfiding agents and extreme-pressure additives continues to rise. This article breaks down the key properties, applications, and advantages of TBPS/DTBPS, demonstrating why it is an indispensable compound in modern industrial chemistry.

2. Chemical Composition and Properties

TBPS/DTBPS is a polysulfide compound featuring tertiary-butyl groups bonded to sulfur chains. The length of the sulfur chain determines the compound’s reactivity, stability, and industrial performance. The most common forms contain tetrasulfide (four sulfur atoms) or pentasulfide (five sulfur atoms) structures, making them highly effective in sulfiding applications.

Key Properties of TBPS/DTBPS:

• High sulfur content for effective sulfiding of industrial catalysts.

• Excellent thermal stability, allowing it to withstand high temperatures without decomposition.

• Moderate viscosity, making it easy to handle and mix in industrial processes.

• Low volatility, ensuring minimal loss due to evaporation in high-temperature applications.

• Good solubility in organic solvents, enhancing its application flexibility.

These characteristics make TBPS/DTBPS a reliable and efficient choice for industries requiring controlled sulfur release, high-temperature stability, and chemical reactivity.

3. Industrial Applications of TBPS/DTBPS

3.1 Catalyst Sulfiding in Oil Refining

One of the most significant applications of TBPS/DTBPS is in hydroprocessing catalyst sulfiding. In refining processes such as hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrocracking, and hydrotreating, catalysts must be converted from oxide form to sulfide form to become active.

TBPS/DTBPS serves as an efficient sulfiding agent, ensuring proper catalyst activation. It provides a controlled and gradual sulfur release, preventing catalyst deactivation and enhancing overall refining efficiency.

3.2 Extreme-Pressure Additive in Lubricants

TBPS/DTBPS is widely used in the lubricant industry as an extreme-pressure (EP) additive. In high-load, high-friction applications, such as industrial gear oils, metalworking fluids, and high-performance greases, it helps:

• Reduce friction and wear, extending equipment lifespan.

• Improve thermal and oxidative stability, ensuring lubricant performance under extreme conditions.

• Enhance load-carrying capacity, making it ideal for heavy-duty applications.

3.3 Specialty Chemical and Polymer Applications

Beyond refining and lubrication, TBPS/DTBPS is used as a chemical intermediate in producing sulfur-containing compounds, polymer additives, and rubber processing chemicals. Its ability to act as a sulfur donor makes it valuable in synthetic rubber production and polymer modification.

4. Advantages of TBPS/DTBPS Over Other Sulfiding Agents

1. Highly Effective Sulfur Source

• Provides a consistent and controlled release of sulfur, ensuring efficient catalyst activation.

• Reduces the risk of over-sulfiding or under-sulfiding, optimizing process efficiency.

2. Enhanced Stability and Handling

• More thermally stable than alternative sulfiding agents.

• Low volatility reduces handling risks and material loss.

3. Superior Lubrication Performance

• Functions as an extreme-pressure additive, protecting mechanical components under high-stress conditions.

• Reduces wear and tear, improving overall equipment reliability.

4. Versatile Industrial Applications

• Widely used in refining, petrochemicals, lubricants, and polymer industries.

• Compatible with various hydroprocessing catalysts and lubricant formulations.

5. Market Demand and Future Trends

As industries worldwide push for cleaner fuels, improved refining technologies, and advanced lubrication solutions, the demand for TBPS/DTBPS is expected to grow.

Market Insights:

• The rising adoption of hydroprocessing catalysts is driving the need for effective sulfiding agents.

• Stricter environmental regulations are encouraging refineries to optimize their processes using high-efficiency sulfiding compounds like TBPS/DTBPS.

• Advancements in extreme-pressure lubrication technology are promoting the use of sulfur-based additives to improve performance in demanding applications.

Given these trends, TBPS/DTBPS is poised to remain a key component in refining, lubrication, and specialty chemical industries for years to come.

6. Conclusion

TBPS/DTBPS stands out as a versatile and high-performance polysulfide compound with critical applications in catalyst sulfiding, lubrication, and chemical synthesis. Its high sulfur content, stability, and industrial efficiency make it an indispensable chemical in modern refining and manufacturing.

As global industries continue to evolve toward more efficient and sustainable solutions, the role of TBPS/DTBPS as a catalyst activator and lubricant enhancer will only grow stronger.

Would you like to explore how TBPS/DTBPS can optimize your industrial processes? Contact industry experts and suppliers today to learn more about its applications and benefits.

Summary

Junyuan Petroleum Group, China’s leading producer of Di-Tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS), offers premium-grade DTBPS for industries such as oil and gas, rubber manufacturing, and chemical synthesis. Our DTBPS is a high-performance sulfur donor and crosslinking agent, ensuring superior quality, reliability, and compliance with international standards. Partner with us for your DTBPS needs and experience unmatched expertise, competitive pricing, and exceptional customer service.

Keywords

Di-Tert-Butyl Polysulfide, DTBPS supplier, DTBPS manufacturer, sulfur donor, rubber vulcanizing agent, oil and gas additives, Junyuan Petroleum Group, industrial chemicals, chemical synthesis, high-quality DTBPS

Di-Tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS) – Your Trusted Sulfur Donor

Introduction

As the largest producer of Di-Tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS) in China, Junyuan Petroleum Group is committed to delivering top-tier chemical solutions to industries worldwide. DTBPS is a versatile sulfur-containing compound renowned for its exceptional reactivity and efficiency as a sulfur donor and crosslinking agent. Whether you’re in the oil and gas, rubber, or chemical synthesis industry, our DTBPS is engineered to meet your most demanding requirements.

Why Choose Junyuan Petroleum Group’s DTBPS?

1. Unmatched Quality: Our DTBPS is manufactured using advanced technology and stringent quality control processes, ensuring consistent performance and reliability.
2. Industry Expertise: With years of experience in chemical production, we understand the unique needs of our clients and provide tailored solutions.
3. Global Compliance: Our products meet international safety and environmental standards, making them suitable for global markets.
4. Competitive Pricing: As a leading manufacturer, we offer cost-effective solutions without compromising on quality.
5. Exceptional Customer Support: From technical assistance to timely delivery, we prioritize your satisfaction at every step.

Applications of DTBPS

1. Oil and Gas Industry

• Lubricant Additives: DTBPS is a key component in sulfurizing agents, enhancing the performance of extreme pressure (EP) additives.
• Corrosion Inhibition: Its sulfur-donating properties help improve the durability and efficiency of industrial lubricants.

2. Rubber Industry

• Vulcanizing Agent: DTBPS is widely used to improve the elasticity, strength, and durability of rubber products.
• Crosslinking Agent: It facilitates the crosslinking process in synthetic rubbers, ensuring superior product performance.

3. Chemical Synthesis

• Sulfur Donor: DTBPS is essential in the production of pesticides, fungicides, and other agrochemicals.
• Organic Synthesis: It plays a critical role in the synthesis of various sulfur-containing organic compounds.

Safety and Environmental Responsibility

At Junyuan Petroleum Group, we prioritize safety and sustainability. Our DTBPS is handled and stored under strict safety protocols to ensure the well-being of our employees and customers. We also adhere to environmental regulations, minimizing the ecological impact of our operations.

Partner with Junyuan Petroleum Group

As the largest DTBPS manufacturer in China, Junyuan Petroleum Group is your trusted partner for high-quality industrial chemicals. Whether you’re looking for a reliable sulfur donor or a crosslinking agent, our DTBPS is the ideal choice for your business.

Contact Us Today!

Ready to elevate your industrial processes with premium DTBPS? Contact Junyuan Petroleum Group today to request a quote or learn more about our products and services. Let us help you achieve your goals with our expertise and commitment to excellence.

Abstract

DTBPS (Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide) is an innovative sulfurizing agent widely used in hydroprocessing catalysts, ethylene cracking furnaces, and oil & gas desulfurization. As a safer and more environmentally friendly alternative to DMDS, DTBPS offers superior catalytic performance, lower odor emissions, and compliance with strict environmental regulations. With increasing demand for cleaner and more efficient sulfurizing agents, DTBPS is poised to become the preferred choice for the petrochemical and refining industries.

Keywords

DTBPS, sulfurizing agent, hydroprocessing catalyst, DMDS alternative, desulfurization, petrochemical industry, cleaner production, refinery technology, SZ-54, sustainable chemistry

Introduction: A Game-Changer in Sulfurization Technology

In the evolving landscape of the petrochemical industry, efficiency and environmental compliance are top priorities. DTBPS, a cutting-edge sulfurizing agent similar to Lubrizol’s SZ-54, has been gaining traction as a superior alternative to DMDS. With its high sulfur content, minimal odor, and non-hazardous classification, DTBPS is redefining sulfurization in hydroprocessing, ethylene cracking, and oilfield applications.

Why DTBPS? Key Advantages Over DMDS

1. Enhanced Catalytic Sulfurization Performance

DTBPS effectively sulfurizes hydroprocessing catalysts, achieving high activation levels necessary for producing ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD). Unlike DMDS, which generates methane during decomposition, DTBPS releases hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and isobutane. This unique property helps maintain hydrogen partial pressure in the system, optimizing catalyst performance without the need for additional hydrogen supplementation.

2. Superior Environmental and Safety Profile

• Non-Hazardous Classification: Unlike DMDS, which is classified as a hazardous chemical requiring strict handling and transportation protocols, DTBPS is considered a non-hazardous substance, simplifying logistics and reducing compliance burdens.

• Low Odor Emissions: DTBPS significantly reduces unpleasant sulfur odors, improving workplace safety and minimizing environmental impact.

• Cleaner Combustion: When used as a coke inhibitor in ethylene cracking furnaces, DTBPS enhances efficiency while reducing emissions, aligning with global sustainability goals.

3. Growing Market Demand & Future Prospects

The increasing focus on environmental regulations and workplace safety is driving the transition from DMDS to DTBPS. Major petrochemical enterprises, including Sinopec and PetroChina, are actively exploring DTBPS as a next-generation sulfurizing solution. As regulatory bodies tighten restrictions on hazardous chemicals, the demand for DTBPS is expected to surge, positioning it as the future of clean sulfurization technology.

Conclusion: DTBPS – The Smart Choice for a Sustainable Future

DTBPS offers a compelling combination of high efficiency, environmental safety, and cost-effectiveness. As refineries and petrochemical plants seek cleaner and more sustainable solutions, DTBPS is set to become the industry standard for sulfurization processes. By adopting DTBPS, companies can enhance production efficiency, comply with stringent environmental regulations, and reduce operational risks—all while driving a cleaner energy future.

Contact Us

Junyuan Petroleum Group is committed to delivering high-performance sulfurizing agents for a cleaner and more efficient petrochemical industry. Contact us today to learn more about DTBPS and how it can optimize your refinery operations.

 Email: info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com

 Website: https://junyuanpetroleumgroup.com

Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS): A Versatile Chemical with Extensive Applications in the Mexican Market

Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), a colorless to pale-yellow liquid with a distinctive odor, has emerged as a crucial chemical raw material in the Mexican market. Its versatility and effectiveness across multiple industries have contributed to its growing demand and significance in the region.

In the pesticides industry, DMDS plays a vital role in the synthesis of various pesticides. Its insecticidal and bactericidal properties make it an indispensable component in the formulation of effective pest control solutions. This, in turn, has led to a steady increase in the demand for DMDS in the Mexican agricultural sector, where pest management is crucial for crop yields and quality.

Moreover, DMDS’s application in the petroleum refining industry cannot be overlooked. As a sulfur source, it allows for precise adjustment of sulfur content in petroleum products, catering to the diverse needs of the market. This has made DMDS a sought-after raw material in the Mexican refining sector, which is continuously striving to meet evolving fuel specifications and environmental regulations.

Beyond pesticides and petroleum refining, DMDS also finds specific applications in the dyes and pharmaceuticals industries. In the dyes sector, it serves as a raw material for the synthesis of certain types of dyes, enhancing the color palette available to manufacturers. In pharmaceuticals, DMDS may be used as a catalyst or intermediate in the synthesis of certain medications, contributing to the development of new and improved therapeutic solutions.

The global landscape of DMDS production is relatively concentrated, with a few large-scale chemical companies dominating the market. Among them, Arkema, Chevron Phillips Chemical, and Junyuan Petroleum Group stand out as key players. These companies possess advanced production technologies and extensive market experience, enabling them to provide high-quality DMDS products to customers worldwide. While their specific presence and market share in Mexico may vary, their influence on the global DMDS market undoubtedly extends to the Mexican region.

However, despite its widespread applications and market demand, specific information on DMDS usage and quantities in Mexico remains confidential. This is due to the highly competitive nature of the market and the protection of trade secrets by companies involved in DMDS production and distribution. As a result, gaining insights into the precise scale and scope of DMDS applications in the Mexican market requires in-depth market research, analysis of industry reports, and consultations with industry experts.

In conclusion, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) holds immense potential for growth and development in the Mexican market. Its versatility across multiple industries, combined with the presence of key global producers, positions it as a critical raw material in the region’s chemical sector. As the Mexican economy continues to expand and the demand for high-quality chemical products increases, the role of DMDS in shaping the future of the Mexican market will undoubtedly become more prominent.

Keywords: Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), Mexican market, pesticides, petroleum refining, dyes, pharmaceuticals, global producers, market demand, trade secrets, chemical sector.

Recently, Junyuan Petroleum Group has developed DTBPS (Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide) environmentally friendly and safe vulcanizing agent, which has the characteristics of no odor, low odor, high flash point, strong safety performance, and significant intrinsic safety characteristics. It has become an ideal green and reliable substitute for traditional dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) vulcanizing agent products.

It is understood that dimethyl disulfide is widely used as a pre sulfurization catalyst, sulfur injection for sulfur supplementation, and coking inhibitor for ethylene cracking in industry. Due to its good oil solubility and high sulfur content, it is widely used. However, it has strong irritancy, suffocating odor, toxicity, high risk factor, and high cost, which brings enormous pressure to the hydrogenation industry.

Based on this, Junyuan Petroleum Group has developed DTBPS (Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide) environmentally friendly and safe vulcanizing agent through collaborative innovation between industry, academia, and research. The flash point of this vulcanizing agent is over 100 ℃, which belongs to non flammable materials and greatly reduces potential production, transportation, and storage risks. Moreover, the decomposition temperature is low, and it can be injected into the system at around 160 ℃ to participate in the vulcanization reaction, increasing the activity of the catalyst and shortening the vulcanization time.