Tag Cyclopentane

Expansion of Expandable Polystyrene (EPS)
Expansion Basics • Heat Is Applied • Beads Expand • Beads Cool • Beads Age
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Heat Is Applied • Blowing agent(s) vaporizes (28oC iso-pentane, 35oC normal-pentane, 49oC cyclo-pentane) • Blowing agent(s) permeate through the polymer (n-pentane<i-pentane<c-pentane)
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand • Polymer/blowing agent matrix reaches it’s glass transition temperature (Tg) (about 85oC, varies according to Mw & BA type) • Polymer chains become fluid • Internal pressure created by blowing agent vaporization push apart [unfold] polymer chains, creating cells
Expansion – Behind the Scenes
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand (cont.) • Air & steam permeate into the beads • As expansion continues, cell walls become thin and subjection to high heat can cause them to break and rupture
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Expand (cont.) • Throughout expansion, blowing agent(s) continue(s) to permeate out of the bead at an increasing rate [depending on temperature and thickness of cell walls] (When permeation rate =/> vaporization rate, expansion ceases)
Blowing agents begin to vaporize Polymer/blowing agent matrix reaches its Tg Cell walls begin to rupture Expansion begins after reaching Tg and proceeds rapidly Loss of blowing agent becomes more rapid as temperature increases
Primary Expansion Controls • Temperature • Time
Temperature Affects • Greater the temperature • Softer the polymer • Increased expansion rate • May result in uneven expansion due to inconsistent • pentane content • bead size • cell structure • raw material “carry over” [extreme cases] • Increased permeation rate of blowing agent
Expansion verses Temperature • <100oC • Expansion can be sluggish due to stiff polymer • >120oC • Polymer is too soft, blowing agent loss is too rapid • 110-120oC • Most efficient use of blowing agent, but beads become sensitive to shrinkage and heat • 100-110oC • Best compromise
Steam Quality • Key to Expansion • Consistent utilities are crucial to achieve consistent densities with consistent volatile content
Secondary Expansion Controls • Volume of Expander • Molecular Weight • Blowing Agent • Bead Size
Expander Volume Affects the total heat available to each bead • Things that can change it • Drop/charge weight • Lumps in expander that don’t discharge • Build up on walls or stir blades
Molecular Weight • The lower the molecular weight, • Increased expandability • Increased heat sensitivity • Increased permeation rate of blowing agent • Increased shrinkage • Increased collapse • Structural strength
Blowing Agent • Amount • Higher percentages give greater expandability (to a point) • Too high a percentage causes rapid permeation thus shrinkage, collapse and heat sensitivity
Blowing Agent • Type • The longer the blowing agent stays in the bead, • Increased expandability • Reduced shrinkage rate • Increased prepuff life (from expansion to mold) • Relative retention n-pentane < i-pentane < c-pentane

Blowing Agent • Degree of Distribution (has a direct affect on cell size) • Expandability • Heat sensitivity • Structural strength • R-Factor (insulation properties) • Permeation rate
Poor Distribution of Blowing Agent Blowing Agent Good Distribution of Blowing Agent
Bead Size • The larger the bead, the easier it is to achieve low densities • Less surface area for blowing agent to permeate out of
Expander Equipment • Continuous • Batch • Wet • Dry
Continuous Expanders • Description • Material is fed into the bottom of the expansion chamber where it is subjected to steam under agitation, material expands and as density decreases, material rises to the top and out the exit chute. • Rely on Time & Temperature
Continuous Expanders • Main Controls • Feed rate • Steam pressure (temperature) • Agitation rate • Outlet height • Fresh air introduction (temperature)
Batch Expanders • Description • A pre-weighed quantity of material is dropped (or charged) into the expansion chamber where either the expander walls are jacketed with steam (dry) &/or steam is injected into the chamber (wet). An agitator keeps material moving. Vacuum, purge or water inject may be used to stop the expansion. • Rely on time, temperature &/or volume
Batch Expanders • Main Controls • Steam pressure (temperature) • Volume or height • Time • Charge weight • Vacuum or purge time • Water inject
Density Check • Consistency is the Key • Procedure • Prepuff is overfilled into a known volume (pre-tared) container. The container is vibrated or tapped (vibration is more consistent). A straight edge is used to strike the top level with the canister. The canister is reweighed and the density calculated.
Expansion – Behind the Scenes • Beads Age, a.k.a. Maturing or Stabilizing • Internal moisture [from condensed steam] permeates out of the bead • Air permeates into the bead until internal and external pressures equal • Blowing agent(s) continue(s) to permeate out of the bead (n-pentane>i-pentane>c-pentane)
Why Age Prepuff? • Foam becomes more resilient after it’s stabilized • Internal vacuum makes beads susceptible to deformation • Reduces blowing agent levels • Too high a blowing agent level leads to excessive cool times and heat sensitivity during molding • Dry prepuff • Improves ease of transportation
Volatile Content on Aging
Aging • Key • A consistent environment is important to provide prepuff to mold with a consistent volatile content
Aging Time Controls • Environment • Air flow Time • Temperature Time • Density Time • Bead Size Time • Blowing Agent Type(boiling point & molecular complexity) Time • Polymer Mw Time
Expansion – Troubleshooting • High Density • Insufficient steam pressure/temperature • check traps, valves, accumulator pressure • steam flow restricted Note: by monitoring both steam pressure and steam temperature, you’ll know your steam quality. • Insufficient steam times • Too high a throughput through expander (continuous) gives raw material carry-over • Wet material
Expansion – Troubleshooting • High Density (continued) • Collapsed or over expanded prepuff • Low blowing agent content in raw EPS • Additive problem (block and shape EPS grades) • Increased drop weight • Electric eye level too low
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Low Density • High steam pressure/temperature • Longer steam times • Reduced drop/charge weight • Wet material • Over dried material • High blowing agent content • Surface additives (block & shape grade EPS) • Electric eye level too high
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Density Fluctuations • Inconsistent steam pressure/temperature • Inconsistent steam time • Erratic drop/charge weights • Inconsistent measuring techniques • Inconsistent blowing agent content • High static (affects electric eye)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Density Fluctuations (continued) • Purge valve sticking • Vacuum problems • Inconsistent water inject volume • Poor additive distribution (block & shape grade EPS)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Wet Prepuff • Common on expander start up • Wet steam • Purge valve or vacuum not working • Poor air flow through fluid bed dryer • Too much material in the fluid bed dryer
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Bead Collapse • Over-expanded • Excessive steam pressure/temperature • Excessive steam time • Too high an expansion rate • Thermal shock after expansion • Blades too close to walls or bottom of expansion chamber • Wrong additive package (block and shape grade EPS)
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Lumping • Too much moisture (condensate) • Inadequate stirring • Excessive steam pressure/temperature • Anti-lumping agent level too low • Hot spots in expander • Excessive steam time
Expansion – Troubleshooting • Irregular Prepuff (size/appearance) • Poor or irregular steam flow • Hot spots in expander • Insufficient time in expander • Contamination of prepuff in raw EPS (double pass) • Irregular raw EPS

Pentane

Pentane is a colorless, flammable liquid (the first liquid member of the alkanes) that is lighter than water. It has a pleasant odor that can be detected at 900 ppm, and a moderate odor intensity is observed at 5000 ppm. It occurs as two other isomers, including isopentane [(CH3)2CHCH2CH3] and neopentane [C(CH3)4]. Isopentane (2-methylbutane) apparently has physical and physiological characteristics similar to straight-chain pentane. Neopentane (2,2-dimethylpropane) is similar to butane in physical and physiological characteristics. In air, one part per million of C5 pentane is equivalent to 3 mg m−3.

Modifying Processing Characteristics: Blowing Agents

It is expected that the trend towards use of carbon dioxide will continue but, where it is not possible to achieve the necessary properties, flammable organic compounds will be used. Expensive, partially fluorinated HFCs with their relatively high GWP will only be used where non-flammability is essential. Chlorine-containing compounds, however, must be replaced completely.

Pentane presents itself as a possible solution to finding an efficient blowing agent which also meets environmental regulations, and years of experience in using it have shown that processing can be safe, as long as safety devices are fully implemented. Bayer’s PU machinery subsidiary, Hennecke GmbH, has developed a state-of-the-art system that monitors all critical control points along the processing chain, to ensure safe production. Among the features are:

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completely encapsulated machinery and units (including in-line blenders, work tank, and high-pressure reaction casting machine), also aerated and fitted with exhaust devices, pentane gas sensors, and other safety devices;

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a metering and blending supervisory system (Pentament), also permanently vented to prevent gas build up;

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an electronic security system controlling all safety features, which can shut down operations, if necessary;

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pentane gas warning sensors monitoring all critical components; and

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an independent decentralized control system, alerted to all trouble indicators from primary and secondary sensors and monitors.

The modifications were designed to add safety checks to all critical points, first pinpointing all potential hazards (such as ignition sources, leakage points, and static charging) and then developing integrated safeguards.

Bayer and Apache Products have discovered that, by extrusion mixing of high levels of fillers and/or diluents in a PU formulation, loadings of 10–50% filler by weight can be achieved while maintaining or improving key physical properties. The technology makes it possible to handle high-viscosity dispersions effectively, which may reduce production costs of rigid boardstock. Use of solid fillers, solid combustion modifiers, and hollow fillers was studied, suggesting that the higher cost of hollow fillers can be offset by density reduction in the foam board and increase in compressive strength.

Use of this more environmentally friendly alternative may be facilitated for manufacturers of domestic appliances following the introduction of new safety features in the CycloFlex and LinFlex systems for refrigerator cabinet production. Hennecke Machinery has developed a comprehensive safety system for pentane-based foam production, meeting many of the reservations of US manufacturers of PU board.

The principle of Pentane Blowing Agent Use

Pentane blowing agent use the principle of foaming agent and foaming agent differentiation physical foaming agent. Chemical foaming agent is break down to form gas at high temperature decomposition ( N2, CO2, NH3, etc. ) Organic and inorganic substances. This is usually a exothermic decomposition process and irreversible. Physical foaming agent can be liquid, also can be in normal circumstances have vaporized material. The physical foaming agent including aliphatic, hydrocarbons ( Pentane, hexane, decane, etc. ) 。 Chlorine hydrocarbon ( A the methane of cl, methylene chloride, etc. ) 。 Chlorine – Fluorocarbon compounds ( Cross-linked with methane, a fluorine dichlorodifluoromethane, etc. ) CO2, N2, rare gas and air. Regular physical foaming is refers to the the physical foaming agent and resin matrix mixing by changing the conditions in the process of operation; According to the principle of thermodynamic instability that changes the physical foaming agent.Then the process of generating bubbles.

THERMOSETTING FOAMS

Non–fluorinated blowing agents.

n–Pentane has been used in European countries, e.g., Germany, as a blowing agent for rigid urethane foams. According to Heiling and co–workers’ test results, it has been concluded that there were no indications of higher risks in the case of a real fire. Specifically, the fear concerning explosive–gas mixtures of pentane and air was not confirmed. Explosion–proof dispensing machines have been developed by some companies. Cyclopentane can also be used as a physical blowing agent.

Recently n–pentane–based blowing agents of a blend type have been patented. This patent claims the use of a blend of liquid hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon, e.g., a blend of n–pentane and methylene chloride. This method is a convenient way to produce various rigid foams, e.g., polyurethane foams, polyisocyanurate foams, and polyoxazolidone foams. Methylene chloride and pentane have nearly equal boiling points and their blends act like a single solvent. The use of methylene chloride alone results in foam collapse, but a blend of the two solvents does not result in such collapse. A blend of 80/20–90/10 wt % of methylene chloride/pentane is substantially non–combustible, and can be used as the blowing agent for polyisocyanurate–based foams. For rigid polyurethane foams, a blend of about 50/50 wt % is suitable. These blends could solve the disadvantages of 100% water–blown rigid foams mentioned above.

What will be the next generation of blowing agents? Decaire et al. list the requirements for alternative blowing agents as follows: zero ozone depletion potential (ODP), non–flammable or moderately flammable, 50°C boiling point upper limit, and molecular weight below 180. In addition, the cost ($/mole) of a blowing agent is another important industrial factor.

The use of some azeotropic mixtures as blowing agents for rigid urethane foams have been proposed by Doerge. These blowing agents include CFC–11/methyl formate (238), and HCFC–141b/2–methyl butane. Ashida et al disclosed halogen–free azeotropes.

2–Chloropropane as blowing agent for rigid urethane foams has been developed by Recticel.

Mixed gas/liquid blowing agents for rigid urethane foams have also been proposed. The patent claims the use of hydrocarbons having boiling points (a) less than 10°C or (b) 20–30°C, or (c) an inert organic liquid having a boiling point of 35–125°C. Another mixed blowing agent for rigid urethane foams was proposed by a patent which claims the use of a mixture of cycloalkanes, e.g., cyclopentane and cyclohexane, and, if necessary, water The non–fluorinated blowing agents described above can also be applied to polyisocyanurate foams, polyoxazolidone foams, polyurea foams, etc.

Methylene chloride has been used as an auxiliary blowing agent for a long period of time. In some countries, however, due to possible occupational and environmental problems, increased restrictions have been placed on the use of methylene chloride. Therefore, other types of auxiliary blowing agents have been proposed.

Liquefied carbon dioxide is proposed as an auxiliary blowing agent for water–blown flexible urethane foams. Hydrocarbons having a boiling point of 38–100°C are proposed for use in self–skin foam production. Blends of hydrocarbons having a boiling point above −50°C and below 100°C have been proposed as auxiliary blowing agents for water–blown flexible foams.

n-Heptane for Synthesis

Normal Heptane , Heptyl hydride

Specifications

CERTIFICATE OF ANALYSIS
Name of the Sample : n – Heptane for Synthesis
Batch No. : 33989563
Date of Mfg : July 2022
Date of Exp : July 2025
Register No. : 2021-22
Qty of Sample : 500ml
Date of Analysis : July 2022
S. No Test Parameters, Observed Values, Standard Values
1. Description, Passes, A clear colorless liquid
2. Assay (GC area %), 99.35%, Min.99.0%
3. Wt. per ml at 20°C, 0.683gm, 0.680-0.685g
4. Refractive Index, 1.387, 1.387-1.388 (20°C; 589 nm)

Oil Production by Hexane Solvent Extraction

Solvent extraction consists of a sequence of four operations:
(1) physical removal of oil from the seed in the extractor;
(2) desolventizing-toasting of the de-oiled seeds, often combined with drying and cooling of the meal;
(3) distillation to remove the solvent from the extracted oil;
(4) recovery of the solvent, for reuse in the extractor. The solvent is almost always hexane, which satisfies the technical, economical, and operational needs of all oil millers. Several other solvents have been studied but their disadvantages are such that they cannot compete with hexane, which has many compensatory advantages despite being flammable (Dijkstra and Segers 2007).

The industry generally makes a distinction between two types of extractor: percolation type and immersion type. The percolation process, also known as the continuous extraction process, is based upon the principle of uninterrupted passage of the solvent through the bed of oleaginous material; the oil is thus dissolved in the solvent and carried away. In the immersion process, the entire load of seeds is immersed in solvent. The system is static, so it needs to be stirred to balance the differences in the oil–solvent concentration. Stirring inevitably causes abrasion of the extraction material, so the mixture needs subsequently to be filtered out. This method is used when it is not easy to extract the oil from the matrix. Oil extractors can also be classified on the basis of other different criteria, such as basket or belt operation, rotary or straight, or other shapes, full or partial countercurrent operation, etc.; however, it must be underlined that today the systems available in the market are becoming more and more similar to each other (Fils 2000). The oil-saturated solvent obtained from the extraction process is referred as “miscella.” All commercial extractors are today based on the principle of countercurrent extraction. Fresh solvent encounters previously extracted material, whereas new seeds, flakes, or collet encounter solvent already containing some oil. This method is able to remove a high level of oil using a little solvent quantity (Anderson 2011). Temperature is one of the key variables to keep under control and to optimize the extraction process. The boiling point of hexane is about 69°C near ambient pressure. However, it becomes an azeotrope in the presence of water or steam, with a boiling temperature of 61.6°C. It would be desirable to operate close to the temperature point of this azeotrope; it is the hottest temperature reachable before hexane evaporation, thus it would allow to obtain the lowest viscosity of both solvent and oil and consequently to promote a rapid oil solubilization (Anderson 2011). The length of the extraction process is determined by several factors that affect the contact time between the solvent and the oleaginous material, required for a best extraction yield. Among these factors, the oil concentration, the viscosity of solvent and oil, the shape and size of solid particles and their resulting specific internal structure after pretreatment, are essential to calculate the residence time of the solvent in the extractor. Simulations reported that the greatest amount of oil is extracted during the first minutes, being the oil less accessible to the solvent in the last phase due to equilibrium phenomena (Anderson 2011).

After oil extraction, the meal contains 25%–35% of solvent, which must be evaporated and recovered for reuse (Nagaraj 2009). On the other hand, the de-oiled meal is toasted to reduce anti-nutritional factors such as glucosinolates or trypsin inhibitors, which act as antigrowth factors in monogastric animals if the meal is incorporated into animal feed. Moreover, the meal should be dried to minimize the risk of biological contamination and cooled close to room temperature to remain flowable during storage and transport. The process known as desolventizing, toasting, drying and cooling process (DTDC), invented by Schumacher (1985), combine all these operations in a single piece of equipment (Kemper 2011). The most widely used equipment today is the vertical stack consisting of a number of chambers separated by trays. The meal enters at the top and is conveyed downward while being mixed by agitating sweeps anchored to a central rotating shaft. The heat needed for increasing meal temperature and evaporating the solvent is supplied by steam, which is directly and indirectly introduced into the meal via the trays. When indirectly heated using a steam jacket, hexane will evaporate and the temperature will not rise above the boiling point of hexane. Moreover, in this way, live steam will not condense on the flakes, thus allowing a control of the moisture level during the next steps. The reduced moisture, however, provides less protection against overheating, which may lead to a significant decline of the nutritional value during toasting. Subsequently, the material is heated with live steam, which will condense and raise the temperature above the boiling point of hexane that will be completely vaporized. Additionally, the condensed steam humidifies the meal to a point where a good toasting is possible. In the next chamber, the desolventized meal is cooled and dried by air. Heated air is passed over the material to dry it, at the same time, outside air is blown through the material to cool it. Furthermore, the hot air, while drying, also cools the material and the cold air, while cooling, also dries the material (Kemper 2011).

The miscella leaves the extractor with a 25%–30% oil content, which is separated from the solvent by evaporation of the latter. The miscella evaporator, also referred to as economizer, utilizes the latent heat contained in the vapors leaving the desolventizer to evaporate the solvent till an oil concentration of 65%–75%. The concentrated miscella may then undergo to a second step of solvent evaporation, which utilizes the sensible heat of the condensate steam coming from the DTDC. The residual hexane is then removed by vacuum stripping. The evaporated solvent must be cooled in a condenser and cleaned into a mineral absorption system before being reused in the extractor (Dijkstra and Segers 2007).

Junyuan Petroleum Group donated money to help Heze fight epidemic

The epidemic situation is merciless, but people are sentient and work together to tide over the difficulties. In August, the situation of epidemic prevention and control in Heze City was extremely severe. In order to help Heze City win the sniper battle of epidemic prevention and control, on August 2, Junyuan Petroleum Group, the parent company of Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company actively supported Heze City and donated 50,000 yuan to the Red Cross Society of Heze City for the prevention and control of COVID-19 epidemic in Caoxian county and Mudan District. It practiced the responsibilities and responsibilities of private enterprises with practical actions, and gathered the positive energy of working together to overcome difficulties.

In recent years, Junyuan Petroleum Group, the parent company of Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company, has made positive contributions to social welfare undertakings while achieving rapid development. Participated in the educational activities organized by Dongying Civil Affairs Bureau, and donated 100,000 yuan at one time; Participated in the targeted poverty alleviation and Charity Day donation activities in Dingzhuang Town, Guangrao County, and donated 130,000 yuan; In response to the targeted poverty alleviation activities of Guangrao County Charity Federation, donated 200,000 yuan; In the year of COVID-19, the company donated 500000 yuan to Dingzhuang sub district Charity Federation and donated prevention and control materials to surrounding villages and epidemic prevention and control points under the condition that its production and operation were seriously affected.

Next, Junyuan Petroleum Group, Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company’s parent company, will continue to practice the responsibilities and responsibilities of private enterprises and make positive contributions to social development.

The Junyuan Petroleum Group of Companies participated in the Symposium on project docking between financial leasing companies and small and medium-sized enterprises

On the morning of July 29, Dongying local financial supervision bureau held a symposium on the project docking between financial leasing companies and small and medium-sized enterprises. At the symposium, a number of financial leasing companies in Shandong Province were invited to carry out project face-to-face exchanges and interactions with small and medium-sized enterprises to carry out financing docking. Che Xiaojing, executive deputy general manager of the asset management company, attended the meeting and introduced the company’s projects.

The meeting pointed out that all financial leasing companies should take serving the real economy as the starting point and foothold, put forward reasonable financing plans and suggestions according to the financing needs of enterprises, help enterprises finance, and achieve steady development in the process of promoting local economic development. Small and medium-sized enterprises should further understand and be familiar with the financing method of financial leasing, effectively use financial leasing to alleviate capital problems, take the initiative to strengthen the connection with financial leasing companies, and invite financial leasing companies with promising cooperation to visit the enterprise on the spot to strive for cooperation.

Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company
Dongying Junyuan Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company

The emergency management department held a quarterly Video Conference on centralized management of safety risks of hazardous chemicals

On July 29, the emergency management department held a quarterly video promotion meeting on the centralized management of safety risks of hazardous chemicals nationwide to report progress, analyze problems, exchange practices, strengthen measures, promote the implementation of key tasks, effectively prevent and control major safety risks, and create a stable safety environment for the success of the 20th CPC National Congress. Sunguangyu, member of the Party committee and vice minister of the emergency management department, attended the meeting and delivered a speech. Qichunxiao, the general manager of the group, and Qiao Huijie, the deputy general manager and director of safety and environmental protection, attended the video conference at the venue of the agricultural high-tech division in the Yellow River Delta.

However, from the mid-term evaluation results of centralized governance, there are still problems of uneven progress between regions, lagging progress of some special projects and low quality.

The meeting emphasized that we should have a clear understanding of the severe situation faced by the current safe production of hazardous chemicals and strengthen the sense of mission and urgency of doing a good job in centralized management. We should adhere to the problem orientation, anchor the goal of centralized governance, and make every effort to overcome difficulties. We should quickly wake up, be nervous, and take action. If there is a deviation in the direction of work, we should correct it in time. If the progress of work lags behind, we should pay close attention to make-up lessons, and accelerate the completion.

The meeting required that we should adhere to both the symptoms and root causes, accurately grasp the relationship between major risk prevention and control and centralized governance, promote major risk prevention and control and centralized governance as a whole, and prevent “two skins”. We should organically integrate centralized management and annual key work, integrate the requirements of centralized management tasks and measures into the major inspection of production safety and special safety actions, strengthen supervision and inspection and open and secret visits, do a good job in production safety in summer and flood seasons, strictly implement the main responsibility of enterprises, and resolutely prevent and contain major accidents and accidents with great impact.

At the meeting, Beijing, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Ningxia and other four provinces and CNPC made exchange speeches respectively, and the heads of relevant departments and bureaus, institutions and industry associations of the emergency management department and the main heads of relevant central enterprise safety management departments attended the meeting at the main venue; The heads of the emergency management departments at the provincial, municipal and county levels, as well as the relevant chemical parks and the main heads of enterprises attended the meeting at the branch venue.

Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company

Pentane

We offer a large range of flammable and non-flammable blowing agents for Polyurethane (PU), Polystyrene (EPS, XPS) and Polyethelyne (PE) foams, which include liquids and blends.

Blowing Agent of Expendable Polystyrene, Polyurethane

ISOPENTANE, 95%

ISOPENTANE, 99%

BLENDS

With know how in formulating, handling and packaging blowing agents, we can also offer special blends such as :

n-Pentane/Isopentane
Cyclopentane/Isopentane
Cyclopentane/n-Pentane
Cyclopentane/Isopentane/n-Pentane

Blowing Agents/Pentane Blends

ISOPENTANE AND CYCLOPENTANE BLENDS

ISOPENTANE 70%, CYCLOPENTANE 30%

ISOPENANE 50%, CYCLOPENANE 50%

ISOPENTANE 30%, CYCLOPENTANE 70%

ISOPENANE 25%, CYCLOPENANE 75%

ISOPENTANE 20%, CYCLOPENTANE 80%

ISOPENANE 15%, CYCLOPENIANE 85%

ISOPENANE 10%, CYCLOPENANE 90%

CYCLOPENANE,95%

CYCLOPENTANE,99%

Blowing Agents/Pentane Blends

ISOPENTANE AND NORMAL PENTANE BLENDS

ISOPENTANE 15%, NORMAL PENTANE 85%

ISOPENTANE 20%, NORMAL PENTANE 80%

ISOPENTANE 25%, NORMAL PENTANE 75%

ISOPENANE 30%, NORMAL PENANE 70%

ISOPENANE 40%, NORMALPENANE 60%

ISOPENANE 45%, NORMALPENANE 65%

ISOPENANE 50%, NORMALPENIANE 50%

ISOPENTANE 70%, NORMAL PENTANE 30%

ISOPENANE 75%, NORMAL PENANE 25%

NORMAL PENTANE, 95%

NORMAL PENTANE, 99%

PACKAGING

We offer a range of packaging from a bulk of 20 tonnes to a 1 litre sample.

BULK – up to 20 tonnes
CONTAINERS – 20″ GP container, 40″ GP container
DRUMS – 200 litres, 125KG, up to 150 KG
ISO Tanks – 14.5 MT, up to 17 MT
SAMPLE – 1 litre

Foaming technology of Cyclopentane polyurethane rigid PU foam

Cyclopentane, as a foaming agent and solvent, has brought many conveniences to our life. Cyclopentane can replace freon and be widely used in refrigerators, insulation materials for freezers and foaming agents for hard PU foam. It can also be used as a solvent for solution polymerization such as polyisoprene rubber and a solvent for cellulose ether. Cyclopentane, as a blowing agent in Polyurethane (PU) foams, is the most important raw material for high-performance insulation in refrigerators. It allows for a high energy efficiency, CO2 reduction and cost savings. At the same time, Cyclopentanes enable a particularly thin insulation for maximum volume utilisation.

Foaming technology is common in every refrigerator, and foaming materials are also very important, which are reflected in heat preservation, noise reduction, more constant box temperature and faster freezing time. There are only four kinds of foaming material technologies used in a refrigerator. The first is monochloroethane, which is the most primitive foaming process. Up to now, it can also be said to be a relatively backward foaming process. The thermal insulation performance of this foaming material is actually good. But there are two obvious shortcomings. One pollutes the atmosphere, the other is easy to crack. Therefore, internationally, the Montreal agreement clearly requires developed countries to completely ban it in 2010. Developing countries are allowed to use it until 2040. Our country has made it clear that the total phase out will be completed ten years ahead of schedule by 2030.

The second kind of Cyclopentane foaming, as a second-generation foaming technology, is used to replace monofluorodichloroethane, which is very good in environmental protection and is not easy to crack.

The third is 245fa mixed foaming agent, which initially aims to solve the problem of the lack of thermal insulation performance of cyclopentane foaming technology, and makes a balance between thermal insulation performance and environmental protection, which belongs to a transitional stage.

The fourth is HFO foaming agent, which is excellent in thermal insulation and environmental protection, and is not easy to crack. It is a luxury to use in refrigerators.

Cyclopentane is commonly used in household appliance foaming materials, and the GWP value of cyclopentane is very small. Halogen free, short life in the atmosphere, easy to decompose safely, and will not destroy the ozone layer. The thermal conductivity of gas phase is small. It can meet the technical requirements of most household appliances for thermal insulation performance.

Cyclopentane is flammable and explosive, with an explosion limit of (1.4-8.0)%. It is listed as a class a class B fire-fighting object in fire fighting. Cyclopentane is also a volatile organic compound, with a volatile amount of 8.5kg/m per hour, with a faint pungent smell. Therefore, there are strict requirements for production equipment, workshops, transportation and storage, as well as higher requirements for the quality and safety of enterprise employees.

Cyclopentane itself has low toxicity and deasterification function. Once it contacts the skin or splashes into the eyes, it should be immediately cleaned with clean water. Once cyclopentane leaks, it should be diluted and dispersed with inert gas nitrogen immediately. The above is the knowledge sharing on cyclopentane foaming process sorted out by Junyuan Petroleum Group and I hope it will be helpful to you!

Pentane – Thermophysical Properties

Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane, also called n-pentane. Phase diagram included.

Physical Properties The boiling points of the pentane isomers range from about 9 to 36 °C. As is the case for other alkanes, the more branched isomers tend to have lower boiling points.

Usually, n-Pentane is used as a refrigeration or air conditioning substance, effectively replacing substances such as fluorinated hydrocarbons and ammonia. Here are some of its potential uses: refrigerant R601, non-polar solvent polyethylene process medium, how to use Isopentane? Isopentane is widely used. Firstly, it is an important refrigerant, which is used as the mixed refrigerant component of condensation inducer and LNG in LLDPE unit of olefin plant; Used for blending octane number of oil products;

Usage: isopentane is widely used. First, it is an important refrigerant of olefin unit, condensation inducer of LLDPE unit and LNG mixed refrigerant components; Used for blending oil octane number; It is widely used in organic synthesis reactions and the separation and purification of organic compounds; Secondly, isopentane dehydrogenation can be made of isoprene and isoprene, and isopentanol is obtained by chlorination and hydrolysis. It is also an important raw material for organic synthesis. Isopentane can also be used with n-pentane in EPS (expandable polystyrene) blowing agent, or with cyclopentane as rigid polyurethane blowing agent. It is mainly used in organic synthesis and also as a solvent.

Cyclopentane, as a blowing agent in Polyurethane (PU) foams, is the most important raw material for high-performance insulation in refrigerators. 

Pentane, C₅H_12, is a clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. It belongs to the organic class alkanes, and is naturally present in crude oils and condensates. It is a component of some fuels and is employed as a specialty solvent in the laboratory.

The boling point 36°C/97°F, and the vapors are heavier than air. Both the liquid an the vapor are flammable.

The phase diagram of pentane is shown below the table.

Chemical, physical and thermal properties of pentane:
Values are given for liquid at 25^oC /77^oF / 298 K and 1 bara, if not other phase, temperature or pressure given.

Property	Value	Unit		Value	Unit		Value	Unit		Value	Unit
Autoignition temperature	533	K		260	°C		500	°F
Boiling Point	309.2	K		36.06	°C		96.9	°F
Critical density	3.22	mol/dm3		232	kg/m3		0.450	slug/ft3		14.5	lb/ft3
Critical pressure	3.36	MPa=MN/m2		33.6	bar		33.2	atm		487	psi=lbf/in2
Critical temperature	469.8	K		196.7	°C		386.0	°F
Critical volume	311	cm3/mol		0.00431	m3/kg		2.22	ft3/slug		0.0690	ft3/lb
Density	8606	mol/m3		620.9	kg/m3		1.205	slug/ft3		38.76	lb/ft3
Flammable, gas and liquid	yes
Flash point	224	K		-49	°C		-56	°F
Gas constant, individual, R	115.2	J/kg K		0.03201	Wh/(kg K)		689.1	[ft lbf/slug °R]		21.42	[ft lbf/lb °R]
Gibbs free energy of formation (gas)	-8	kJ/mol		-111	kJ/kg		-48	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of combustion (gas)	-3535	kJ/mol		-48996	kJ/kg		-21.1	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of combustion (liquid)	-3509	kJ/mol		-48636	kJ/kg		-20.9	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of formation (gas)	-147.0	kJ/mol		-2037	kJ/kg		-876	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of formation (liquid)	-173	kJ/mol		-2398	kJ/kg		-1031	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of fusion at -202 °F/-130°C	8.4	kJ/mol		116	kJ/kg		50.05	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of sublimation, at -202°F/-130°C	42	kJ/mol		582	kJ/kg		250	Btu/lb
Heat (enthalpy) of evaporation	26.4	kJ/mol		366	kJ/kg		157	Btu/lb
Heat capacity, Cp (gas)	120.0	J/mol K		1.66	kJ/kg K		0.397	Btu/lb°F or cal/g K
Specific heat, Cp (liquid)	168.0	J/mol K		2.33	kJ/kg K		0.556	Btu/lb°F or cal/g K
Specific heat, Cv (liquid)	125.0	J/mol K		1.73	kJ/kg K		0.414	Btu/lb°F or cal/g K
Ionization potential	10.34	eV
log KOW (Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient)	3.39
Melting point	143.48	K		-129.7	°C		-201.4	°F
Molecular Weight	72.149	g/mol					0.15906	lb/mol
Solubility in water, at 25°C	0.038	mg/ml
Sound velocity	1012	m/s					3319	ft/s		2267	mi/h
Specific Gravity (gas) (relativ to air)	2.48
Specific Gravity (liquid) (relativ to water)	0.63
Specific Heat Ratio (gas) – CP/CV	1.09
Specific Heat Ratio (liquid) – CP/CV	1.34
Specific Volume	0.0001162	m3/mol		0.0016106	m3/kg		0.8300514	ft3/slug		0.0257988	ft3/lb
Standard molar entropy, S° (gas)	348	J/mol K		4.82	kJ/kg K		1.15	Btu/lb °F
Standard molar entropy, S° (liquid)	263	J/mol K		3.65	kJ/kg K		0.87	Btu/lb °F
Surface tension	16.0	dynes/cm		0.016	N/m
Thermal Conductivity	0.111	W/m°C		0.064135	Btu/hr ft °F
Triple point pressure	7.63*10-8	MPa=MN/m2		7.63*10-7	bar		7.53*10-7	atm		1.11*10-5	psi=lbf/in2
Triple point temperature	143.5	K		-129.7	°C		-201.46	°F
Vapor (saturation) pressure	0.0685	MPa=MN/m2		514.0	mm Hg		0.6762	atm		9.94	psi=lbf/in2
Viscosity, dynamic (absolute)	0.2224	cP		149.4	[lbm /ft s*10-6]		4.64	[lbf s/ft2 *10-6]
Viscosity, kinematic	0.358	cSt		3.9	[ft2/s*10-6]

Density and specific weight of liquid pentane at varying temperature and atmospheric pressure, SI and Imperial units:

Density units conversion of Pentane:

kilogram/cubic meter [kg/m³] = gram/liter [g/l], kilogram/liter [kg/l] = gram/cubic centimeter [g/cm³]= ton(metric)/cubic meter [t/m³], once/gallon(US liquid) [oz/gal(US liq)] pound/cubic inch [lb/in³], pound/cubic foot [lb/ft³], pound/gallon(UK) [lb/gal(UK)], pound/gallon(US liquid) [lb/gal(US liq)], slug/cubic foot [sl/ft³], ton(short)/cubic yard [ton(short)/yd³], ton(long)/cubic yard [yd³]

• 1 g/cm³ = 1 kg/l = 1000 kg/m³ = 62.428 lb/ft³ = 0.03613 lb/in³ = 1.9403 sl/ft³ = 10.0224 lb/gal(UK) = 8.3454 lb/gal(US liq) = 0.5780 oz/in³ = 0.7525 ton(long)/yr³
• 1 g/l = 1 kg/m³ = 0.001 kg/l = 0.000001 kg/cm³ = 0.001 g/cm³ = 0.99885 oz/ft³  = 0.0005780 oz/in³ = 0.16036 oz/gal(UK) = 0.1335 oz/gal(US liq) = 0.06243 lb/ft³ = 3.6127×10-5 lb/in³ = 1.6856 lb/yd³ = 0.010022 lb/gal(UK) = 0.0083454 lb/gal(US liq) = 0.0007525 ton(long)/yd³ = 0.0008428 ton(short)/yd³
• 1 kg/l = 1 g/cm³ = 1000 kg/m³ = 62.428 lb/ft³ = 0.03613 lb/in³ = 1.9403 sl/ft³ = 8.3454 lb/gal(US liq) = 0.5780 oz/in³ = 0.7525 ton(long)/yr³
• 1 kg/m³ = 1 g/l = 0.001 kg/l = 0.000001 kg/cm³ = 0.001 g/cm³ = 0.99885 oz/ft³  = 0.0005780 oz/in³ = 0.16036 oz/gal(UK) = 0.1335 oz/gal(US liq) = 0.06243 lb/ft³ = 3.6127×10-5 lb/in³ = 1.6856 lb/yd³ = 0.010022 lb/gal(UK) = 0.008345 lb/gal(US liq) = 0.0007525 ton(long)/yd³  = 0.0008428 ton(short)/yd³ 
• 1 lb/ft³ = 27 lb/yd³ = 0.009259 oz/in³ = 0.0005787 lb/in³ = 16.01845 kg/m³ = 0.01602 g/cm³  = 0.1605 lb/gal(UK) = 0.1349 lb/gal(US liq) = 2.5687 oz/gal(UK) = 2.1389 oz/gal(US liq) = 0.01205 ton(long)/yd³ = 0.0135 ton(short)/yd³
• 1 lb/gal(UK) = 0.8327 lb/gal(US liq) = 16 oz/gal(UK) = 13.323 oz/gal(US liq) = 168.179 lb/yd³ = 6.2288 lb/ft³ = 0.003605 lb/in3 = 0.05767 oz/in³  = 99.7764 kg/m³ = 0.09977 g/cm³  = 0.07508 ton(long)/yd³ = 0.08409 ton(short)/yd³
• 1 lb/gal(US liq) = 1.2009 lb/gal(UK) = 19.215 oz/gal(UK) = 16 oz/gal(US liq) = 201.97 lb/yd³ = 7.4805 lb/ft³ = 0.004329 lb/in3 = 0.06926 oz/in³  = 119.826 kg/m³ = 0.1198 g/cm³  = 0.09017 ton(long)/yd³ = 0.1010 ton(short)/yd³
• 1 lb/in³ = 1728 lb/ft³ = 46656 lb/yd³ = 16 oz/in³ = 27680 kg/m³ = 27.680 g/cm³  = 277.419 lb/gal(UK) = 231 lb/gal(US liq) =4438.7 oz/gal(UK) = 3696 oz/gal(US liq) = 20.8286 ton(long)/yd³ = 23.3280 ton(short)/yd³
• 1 oz/gal(UK) =  0.8327 oz/gal(US liq) = 6.2360 kg/m³ = 6.2288 oz/ft³ = 0.3893 lb/ft³ = 10.5112 lb/yd³
• 1 oz/gal(US liq) = 1.2009 oz/gal(UK) = 7.4892 kg/m³ = 7.4805 oz/ft³ = 0.4675 lb/ft³ = 12.6234 lb/yd³
• 1 sl/ft³ = 515.3788 kg/m³ = 514.7848 oz/ft³ = 0.2979 oz/in³ = 32.1741 lb/ft³ = 82.645 oz/gal(UK) = 68.817 oz/gal(US liq) 
• 1 ton(long)/yd³ = 1.12 ton(short)/yd³ = 1328.94 kg/m³ = 0.7682 oz/in³ = 82.963 lb/ft³ = 2240 lb/yd³ = 2.5786 sl/ft³ = 13.319 lb/gal(UK) = 11.0905 lb/gal(US liq)
• 1 ton(short)/yd³ = 0.8929 ton(long)/yd³ = 1186.55 kg/m³ = 0.6859 oz/in³ = 74.074 lb/ft³ = 2000 lb/yd³ = 2.3023 sl/ft³ = 11.8921 lb/gal(UK) = 9.9023 lb/gal(US liq)

Graduate students from Ocean University of China come to our company for exchange and visit

On the morning of July 22, a group of 5 graduate students majoring in Applied Chemistry from Ocean University of China came to our company for exchange and visit. Sun peisheng, the assistant general manager of the company, Wei fuchang, the director of the production and operation center, and chen huimin, the manager of the general office, attended the exchange.

Chen Huimin extended a warm welcome to the exchange students of Ocean University of China and introduced the company in detail. The graduate students listened carefully to the introduction and watched the company’s promotional videos. Wei fuchang led the exchange students to visit the factory and gave relevant explanations. Sun Peisheng had in-depth exchanges with students in the company’s products, research directions, cooperation fields and other aspects. This activity created opportunities for communication and learning between the company and the school, and laid a good foundation for the next step of school and enterprise cooperation.

Dongying Liangxin Petrochemical Technology Development Limited Company