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Pentane is widely used as a foaming agent for expandable polystyrene and polyurethane foam systems. It is used in the fields of fluorine free refrigerators, freezers, cold storage and pipeline insulation. It can be used as a solvent for linear low density polyethylene catalyst, an industrial solvent for deasphalting, an extractant for dewaxing of molecular sieve, and also a chemical raw material, such as isopentane and isoprene, which can be dehydrogenated from isopentane. Through chlorination, rectification and catalytic hydrolysis of pentane mixture, crude amyl alcohol can be produced. After multistage separation and distillation, l-amyl alcohol can be obtained. At the same time, research on the oxidation of n-pentane to phthalic anhydride and maleic anhydride has also made some progress. At present, there are 36 high-purity isopentane, n-pentane, cyclopentane and mixed pentane foaming agents in China, with a production capacity of about 190 kt / A. Among them, there are 5 manufacturers with stable raw material supply, advanced technology, good product quality and large production scale. The total production capacity is 156 kt / A, accounting for 71% of the national production capacity. These five enterprises are mainly concentrated in the relatively developed southeast coastal areas. The main domestic pentane manufacturers, product types and production capacity are shown in Table 1.

With the gradual improvement of domestic pentane unit operating rate, the output has increased significantly. Some enterprises have exported in batch. In 2020, the export volume reached 86 KT, but there is still a gap in domestic high-quality pentane foaming agent. In the same period, domestic imports of high-quality pentane foaming agent were nearly 86 kt. There are also many manufacturers of pentane products. There are great differences in production scale, process level and product quality. At present, there is no unified national standard for related products, but each enterprise has its own enterprise standard. As for the quality index of pentane foaming agent at home and abroad, the sulfur content of foreign index is low, and there are clear requirements for the proportion of n-pentane and isopentane.

The production status of a domestic plant index and a foreign company index density (20 ℃) / kg · M-3 615-630 620-640 sulfur content, 10-6 ≤ 50 ≤ 30 pentane total content (mol),% ≥ 98 – ω (n-pentane),% – 80-82 ω (isopentane),% – 20-18 C6 heavy components (mol),% ≤ 1 ≤ 2 1.2 production status At present, domestic pentane production technology mainly comes from Tianjin University and Beijing Institute of chemical industry. The main raw materials are light hydrocarbon of oil field, topping oil of crude oil pretreatment unit, light naphtha of hydrogenation unit, mixed hydrocarbon after reforming and hydrogenation, C5 of refinery gas separation unit and C5 fraction of cracking by-product of ethylene unit, which can also be obtained by separation and purification of mixed C5 after C5 etherification, or by hydrogenation of cyclopentadiene. The C5 fraction obtained by fractionation from straight run gasoline, natural gas condensate, hydrocracking tail oil and reforming gasoline is separated by high-efficiency distillation with pentane separator and isopentane column, and the products of n-pentane and isopentane are dominant. The main process flow is as follows (taking natural gas condensate as an example): it is heated to 55 ℃ in the preheater before entering into the debutanizer. The operating pressure of the debutanizer is 0.34 MPa. Propane and butane fractions are taken out from the top of the tower (the tower top temperature is 48 ℃), part of the overhead condensate is used as the reflux, and the surplus condensate is heated to 76 ℃ by the heat exchanger before entering the depropanizer. The operating pressure of depropanizer is 2 MPa. Propane is removed from the top of the depropanizer (top temperature is 50 ℃) and butane is removed from the bottom of the column. The gasoline from the bottom of debutanizer enters the depentanizer. The number of trays in the depentanizer is 30, the operating pressure is 2.2 MPa, and the reflux ratio is 1.5. Plate number of isopentane separator
The operating pressure of the separation column is 0.2 MPa. The purity of the distillate from the top of the column is 95% isopentane, and the fraction from the bottom of the tower contains 90% n-pentane. Pentane and other products can be separated from mixed C5 separated from FCC LPG separation unit and ethylene unit. The main process is hydrogenation under the condition of new Ziegler type catalyst. The reaction temperature is 60-80 ℃, and the pressure is 0.8-1.0 MPa. After hydrogenation, isopentane, n-pentane and cyclopentane can be separated from C5 by distillation.

At present, there is no unified national standard for pentane products, but the manufacturers have their own enterprise standards, which are equivalent to the standards of foreign similar products.

Market analysis: the growth of pentane consumption is directly related to the prohibition of Freon. According to the Montreal protocol adopted by all countries in 1992, countries are required to stop using CFC in 2000. Pentane as the final alternative product has great development potential in the next few years. In 2017, the annual consumption of pentane in China was nearly 116kt, of which, the consumption of EPS (expanded polystyrene) pentane foaming agent was about 60 kt / A, accounting for 45% of the total consumption; the consumption of pentane for polyurethane foaming agent was 65 kt / A, accounting for 50% of the total consumption; the consumption of pentane carrier solvent of linear low density polyethylene accounted for about 5% of the total consumption.

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^{Market Research Center – Junyuan Petroleum Group}
In the past two years, n-Heptane has been performing well. Although the overall market demand is not good, most of the demand for n-Heptane comes from the pharmaceutical industry, especially the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients ) industry. On the contrary, with the adjustment of national policies in China, the pharmaceutical industry is developing vigorously, so the market demand of n-Heptane is commendable.
In addition, because the relative stability of H-heptane is slightly better than that of n-Hexane, many enterprises have replaced n-Hexane with n-Heptane in the past two years, which is also a fundamental reason for the rise of n-Heptane market and the decline of n-Hexane.
In 2020, the market of n-Heptane is still developing steadily, and the demand is increasing slowly. Export is the development direction of n-Heptane. In fact, the export of n-Heptane is increasing greatly in recent years. In the future, the annual demand of n-Heptane is expected to reach 50,000 tons / year.
In 2020, with the gradual shrinkage of the market of general solvent oil and aromatic solvent oil, special oils such as n-Hexane, n-Heptane, Isoalkanes, D-series solvent oils gradually stepped onto the stage of the new year. From raw materials to downstream, from technology to policy, due to the second dip in the global economy, new pattern and changes have taken place in the solvent oil market, and Sinopec’s refineries have adjusted their product structure to withdraw from the solvent oil market.
As said above, the market of n-Heptane in China is not large, which is about 30,000-40,000 tons but not more than 50,000 tons per year.
Then why is n-Heptane always mentioned in the industry? Because n-Heptane plays an irreplaceable role in the field of pharmaceutical intermediates. At least, no effective substitutes for n-Heptane have been found.
In the past, n-Heptane was mainly relied on imports, most of which were Korean SK products. Now, Korean SK also accounts for a large sales share in the domestic market. In the past two years, due to the development of coal to liquid, the bottleneck of domestic n-Heptane manufacturers like Junyuan Petroleum Group has been greatly broken through, and today’s domestic n-Heptane has a foothold in the market.
Before, the domestic production of n-Heptane was based on petroleum basis 120 solvent oil. Due to the limited raw material conditions, the content of n-Heptane produced was just close to 97%, which was difficult to reach 98%. Even if the content reached 98%, the yield of the product could not come up, resulting in increased production costs.
With the advent of normal stable light hydrocarbon in coal chemical industry, the production of n-Heptane content can reach more than 98% effortlessly. Last year, China industry only took one year to make the content of n-Heptane more than 98%, which popularized the market. This year, it will take one year to popularize the 99% content of n-Heptane. In the future, the market will be content of n-Heptane 99%, and the quality will be more and more better. The quality is getting better, the price is getting cheaper.
Coal to n-Heptane has high yield and low production cost, which is the development trend of n-Heptane in the future. In the future, the market will become more and more difficult. Therefore, we can only work hard on the product technology to make the quality standard of products reach another higher level, which is also the inevitable law of the development of things.
Last year, it is estimated that several manufacturers failed to put into production successfully for some reason, so n-Heptane is still in a tight market stage. As more and more terminal enterprises replace n-Hexane with n-Heptane, more than 97% of the n-Hexane market will gradually shrink.

Hexane has 6 carbon atoms (black) and 14 hydrogen atoms (white).

Hexane is an organic compound made of carbon and hydrogen that is most commonly isolated as a byproduct of petroleum and crude oil refinement. At room temperature it is an odorless, colorless liquid, and it has many uses in industry. It is a very popular solvent, for instance, and is often used in industrial cleaners; it is also frequently used to extract oils from vegetables, particularly soybeans. Most vehicle-grade gasoline contains it, too. Though most experts say the compound is non-toxic and presents only low risks to humans and animals, there is still a great deal of controversy in many places when it comes to how often it is included, sometimes without full disclosure, in foods and consumer products.
Molecular Breakdown
It is usually considered to be a relatively simple molecule. As the hex- prefix indicates, it has six carbon atoms, which are accompanied by 14 hydrogen atoms giving it the molecular formula C6H14. The carbons are chained in a row, one following the next. Each carbon has at least two hydrogen atoms attached to it except for the first and last carbon, which have three. Due to its exclusive carbon-hydrogen makeup and the fact that it only has single molecular bonds, it can be classified as a straight-chain alkane.
Hexane is usually a colorless liquid, best known for being a solvent.
The compound is also easily represented visually. When drawn as a Kekulé structure, it is a line of six carbons, each of which has four line-bonds. Hydrogens surround the central carbon chain so that the condensed structure is written as CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₂CH₃. It is a simple line with five segments.
Some people who are exposed to hexane experience dizziness and nausea that worsens over time.

Benefits of Hexane

• Low boiling point.
• Low surface tension.
• Low flash point.
• Low solubility.

Physical Properties

This compound is stable at room temperature, and most commonly occurs as a colorless liquid. It has a melting point of roughly -139.54°F (-95.3°C), a boiling point of 154.04°F (67.8°C), and it’s molar mass is 86.18 grams per mole (g/mol). Hexane is also a non-polar molecule, which means that it is not soluble in water.

How It’s Extracted

Hexane occurs in a couple of different places in nature, but is usually most readily available in petroleum deposits. This is often why gasoline contains it in high concentrations. When petroleum and petroleum-containing oils are mined and refined, chemists are often able to isolate the compound, which can then be purified and sold commercially.

Popularity as a Solvent

One of the most popular uses is as an industrial cleaner or degreaser. It is very effective breaking molecules down and separating fats and lipids from other substances. From time to time it may be found in household cleaning products, too, but it is usually most common in solvents designed for use on heavy machinery or in places where a lot of space needs to be cleaned somewhat quickly. The solution isn’t normally very expensive, either, which is often a factor.

In Oil Processing

Many types of plants and vegetables are treated with this chemical in order to extract their oils and proteins for use in other products. Soybeans, peanuts, and corn are some of the most common. The compound is often able to break these foodstuffs down very efficiently, and the oils that result are typically ready to be repackaged and either sold or used in manufactured foods with very little additional treatment.

Common Applications

Hexane is commonly utilized as an industrial solvent used to manufacture products like paint thinner.

Industrial Applications

Hexane is often utilized to manufacture adhesives and similar products in which it acts as a strong cleaning agent. Hexane is also used as a cleaning agent during the manufacturing of the printing, textiles, and shoemaking industries. Hexane is present in glues used in shoemaking and roofing. It is also utilized for vegetable oil extraction from soybeans and other plants. This process is more environmentally friendly and more cost efficient than the traditional mechanical press method. Pure Hexane is not commonly used for vegetable oil extraction, but rather a mixture of isomers that comprise commercial Hexane. Hexane is utilized as a solvent and cleaning agent by the military and aerospace industries.

Consumer Applications

Consumer products containing Hexane include rubber cement, quick drying glues, gasoline, and paint remover.

Laboratory Applications

Hexane is often utilized as a solvent and reagent in laboratories. Sometimes solvents would need to be removed from lab reagents for the experiment being conducted. Rotary Evaporators or rotavapors are machines that are used to remove solvents like Hexane and Heptane from reaction mixtures. Rotary evaporators are common in most organic laboratories since they allow the removal to be performed swiftly and efficiently.

Hexane and Rotary Evaporators

Hexane and similar solvents like Heptane, Ethanol, Ethyl Acetate, Methanol, and Diethyl Ether, are removed from reaction mixtures by tools called Rotary Evaporators.

Other Common Uses

As good as it is at breaking compounds down, hexane can also be good at helping things stick together, particularly when used in conjunction with other non-water soluble compounds. It is often found listed as an ingredient in leather and shoe glue, for instance, and is sometimes used in roofing or tiling adhesives, too.

Controversy and Risks

Hexane is generally believed to be toxic or at least harmful when inhaled, and there have been instances of workplace injury and even death when people have spent long hours each day exposed to its fumes. This is most common in factories where oil extractions, industrial cleaning, or certain manufacturing operations take place. High exposure can cause skin irritation, dizziness, and nausea that progressively worsen over time.

There have also been questions about hexane residues that linger in vegetable oils, particularly when these show up in food products available in the general marketplace. Some health advocates argue that the presence of this chemical is unacceptable and dangerous, while others say that it is benign and shouldn’t be a cause for alarm. In most cases the amounts that actually end up in food are very, very small — but still, not a lot is known about how the compound behaves once ingested. Most of the toxicity studies that have been conducted have focused on inhalation and topical skin exposure.
Junyuan Petroleum Group reminds you that exposure to hexane without the right safety equipment can cause lasting damage and even death.

Industries where hexane is found

Several hundred million pounds of hexane are produced in the United States each year in the form of solvents. It is used as a cleaning agent in printing, shoe making, textiles, automotive brake repair, and furniture making. It is also used in the food industry.
Products where hexane is found
HexaneCommon household products, such as spray adhesives, contact cement, arts and craft paints, and stain removers contain hexane. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Household Products Database lists 54 consumer products that contain hexane. Half of these products also contain solvents that increase the severity of hexane nerve damage. Although the majority of hexane containing products found on this list are used in the home, specifically for home maintenance, arts and crafts, and automotive products also contain it.
COA for n-Hexane, 99%
n-Hexane produced by Junyuan Petroleum Group is a liquid solvent used in industrial, professional, and consumer products such as adhesives
and coatings. It can also be used in food contact applications such as a solvent for oil seed extraction.

Junyuan Petroleum Group n-Hexane in 130kg drums

To furnish the ever rising and varying requisites of our honored patrons in the most effectual manner, we have been engrossed in the arena of offering to our patrons a wide plethora of N-Hexane. This Product is Processed with exceptionality, this array is widely acclaimed and treasured in the industry owing to its reliability, effectiveness and elevated shelf life. Besides this, we guarantee shipping N-Hexane to our patrons on time. In industry, N-Hexane is used in the formulation of glues for shoes, leather products, and roofing. It is also used to extract cooking oils (such as canola oil or soy oil) from seeds, for cleansing, degreasing a variety of items and in textile manufacturing. Since N-hexane cannot be easily deprotonated, it is used in the laboratory for reactions that involve very strong bases, such as the preparation of organolithiums e.g. Butyllithiums are typically supplied as a solution. In many applications (especially pharmaceutical), the use of n-hexane is being phased out due to its long term toxicity and often replaced by n-heptane, which will not form the toxic (hexane-2,5-dione) metabolite. A typical laboratory use of this product is to extract oil and grease contaminants from water and soil for analysis.

3. Physical / Chemical Properties
Hexane produced by Junyuan Petroleum Group is a highly flammable material primarily used in industrial settings. It has a high vapor
pressure, and should be handled only with adequate ventilation and in areas without any ignition source present (e.g. no open flames, static electricity sources, or unprotected light switches).
The flash point for Junyuan Petroleum Group Hexane is approximately 0ºF /-18ºC.

If you would like to purchase n–Hexane,99%, n–Hexane, 95%, n–Hexane, 60%, please call +86 178 1030 0898 or email us at info@junyuanpetroleumgroup.com.

References:

1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological Profile for n-Hexane. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. July 1999. Available at: www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp113.pdf.
2. Hazard Evaluation System and Information Service.California Department of Public Health.n-Hexane use in vehicle repair (June 2001).n-Hexane medical guidelines (July 2000).Available: www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/hesis/Pages/ Publications.aspx#hazard.
3. The Institute for Research and Technical Assistance (IRTA), Glendale, CA.2009.Available at: www.irta.us/reports.htm.
4. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment.California Environmental Protection Agency.1999.n-Hexane chronic reference exposure level.Available: www.oehha.ca.gov/air/allrels.html.
5. Scorecard. 2009.Chemical profiles by chemical.Total environmental releases in U.S.Available: www.scorecard.org
6. Linkedin.com https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-hexane-its-applications-david-zhang

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