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Heptane is an organic compound with the molecular formula C7H16, which is a type of alkane. It is a colorless liquid with a slight gasoline smell, flammable, insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents.

Heptane has some industrial applications, such as being used as a solvent, fuel, or raw material for synthesizing other chemicals.

Heptane can absorb ultraviolet rays, so it can also be used as a UV absorber, such as in sunscreen or plastic. The function of UV absorbers is to prevent UV damage to the skin or materials, such as sunburn, aging, discoloration, or degradation.

Isobutane is called R600A because it is a refrigerant with the molecular formula C4H10 or HC(CH3)3. The R stands for refrigerant, and the 600 indicates the molecular weight of the compound divided by 100. The A means that it is an isomer of butane, which has the same chemical composition but a different structure. ¹²

Isobutane is used as a refrigerant in home and commercial appliances, such as refrigerators, freezers, vending machines, and plug-ins. It is also used as a feedstock in the petrochemical industry, for example in the synthesis of isooctane. ¹²⁴

Isobutane is a natural refrigerant that has negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential. It is also non-toxic and has good thermodynamic properties. However, it is highly flammable and requires special safety precautions when handling and storing. ²³⁴.

Source:
(1) Isobutane – Wikipedia.
(2) R-600a Isobutane Refrigerant Fact & Info Sheet.
(3) Uses of Isobutane – R600a
(4) Refrigerant r600a (isobutane) properties, pressure.
(5) en.wikipedia.org.

Junyuan Petroleum Group, a leading company in the petrochemical industry, announced the launch of its new Isobutane products on Tuesday. Isobutane is a saturated hydrocarbon that has four carbon atoms and is used as a refrigerant, a propellant, and a raw material for various chemical products.

According to Junyuan Petroleum Group, the new Isobutane products have high purity, low impurities, and stable quality. They can meet the needs of various customers in the domestic and international markets, such as the refrigeration, aerosol, and pharmaceutical industries.

The company said that the launch of the Isobutane products is part of its strategy to diversify its product portfolio and enhance its competitiveness in the global market. The company also plans to expand its production capacity and invest in research and development of new technologies and applications for Isobutane.

Junyuan Petroleum Group is a leading manufacturer, producer and supplier of solvents in China. The company has been operating since 2006 and has a total annual output of over 10 million tons of petrochemical products.

n-Pentane, Isopentane and Cyclopentane are all saturated hydrocarbons that have five carbon atoms. They have different molecular structures and physical properties, which make them suitable for different uses. Some of the common applications for these Pentane isomers are:

• Blowing agents for insulation materials: Pentanes are the foaming agent of choice for producing Polyurethane (PU) and Polystyrene (PS) insulation boards. They have a high performance and sustainability, as they do not deplete the ozone layer or contribute to global warming. Cyclopentane has the best insulating effect, while n-Pentane and Isopentane have more stable and finer foam cells².
• Refrigerants: n-Pentane can be used as a refrigerant in air conditioning or refrigeration systems, as an alternative to ammonia or fluorinated hydrocarbons. It has a low boiling point and a high latent heat of vaporization, which means it can absorb a lot of heat when it changes from liquid to gas¹.
• Non-polar solvents: Pentanes are almost insoluble in water, but show very good solubility or unlimited miscibility with many organic solvents such as paraffins, ethers, esters, aromatics or chlorinated hydrocarbons. They are also very volatile, which means they evaporate quickly and leave no residue. Therefore, they are suitable for cleaning in the aerospace, automobile, electronic, and defense manufacturing industries¹⁵.
• Process media for polyethylene and polypropylene: Pentanes can be used as process media for the production of polyethylene (PE, LLDPE) and polypropylene (PP), which are widely used plastics. Pentanes help to control the molecular weight, branching and crystallinity of the polymers, which affect their mechanical and thermal properties¹.

These are some of the main applications for n-Pentane, Isopentane and Cyclopentane. I hope this overview is helpful for you.

PU soft foam is a kind of soft polyurethane foam plastic with certain elasticity, which is the most widely used polyurethane product³. PU soft foam has an open-cell structure, which has good breathability, moisture absorption and cushioning properties, and is widely used in furniture, mattresses, car seats, clothing, shoes and other fields.

N-pentane foaming is a physical foaming method, which uses n-pentane as a blowing agent, and mixes it with polyurethane raw materials and injects it into a mold. After heating, n-pentane gasifies and forms pores¹. The advantages of n-pentane foaming are that it does not damage the ozone layer, does not produce toxic gases, does not affect the recycling of polyurethane, and can reduce the cost and density, and improve the thermal insulation performance¹.

In the board industry, there are mainly two processes of PU soft foam and n-pentane foaming: one is the continuous foaming method, that is, the polyurethane raw material and n-pentane blowing agent are mixed and sprayed on the continuously moving bottom plate through a nozzle, and then heated by a heating oven to make it foam and solidify, and finally cover the top plate and cut into the required board². This method is suitable for producing large quantities of foam boards, with the characteristics of high efficiency, energy saving and space saving². The other is the one-step molding method, that is, the polyurethane raw material and n-pentane blowing agent are mixed and injected into a pre-made mold, and then heated to make it foam and solidify, and demolded to obtain the required board². This method is suitable for producing foam boards of various shapes and specifications, with the characteristics of flexibility, diversity and precision².

I hope this information is helpful to you. If you have any other questions, please feel free to ask.

The prices of pentane and other hydrocarbons, such as n-hexane, isohexane, n-heptane, n-butane and isobutane, remained unchanged on January 4, 2024, according to Junyuan Petroleum Group. Pentane is a saturated hydrocarbon that has five carbon atoms and can exist in three isomers: n-pentane, isopentane and cyclopentane. Pentane is mainly used as a blowing agent for insulation materials, such as polyurethane and polystyrene foams. Pentane can also be used as a refrigerant, a solvent, a working medium in geothermal plants, and a process medium in the production of polyethylene and polypropylene. Pentane has a high performance and no measurable ozone depletion potential. The prices of pentane and other hydrocarbons are influenced by various factors, such as the supply and demand of crude oil and natural gas, the availability of pentane isomers, and the environmental regulations in different regions. Junyuan Petroleum Group is a leading chemical manufacturer, supplier and distributor of pentane and other hydrocarbons in China and abroad. The company is committed to science and technology and environmental protection industries.

Choosing between n-Pentane, Isopentane and Cyclopenane depends on the intended use. Here are some general differences between them:

• Pentane is a colorless, volatile liquid, mainly used for chemical experiments, solvent and solvent mixture preparation, and also an important raw material in the petroleum industry.
• When buying pentane, you should pay attention to the following aspects:
  • Purity: The higher the purity of pentane, the better its performance and quality, but the higher the price. According to different uses, you can choose different purity grades, such as AR, CP, GCS, GR, HPLC, agricultural residue grade, etc.
  • Packaging: Pentane is a flammable liquid and should be packed and stored in suitable sealed containers to prevent leakage and fire. Generally speaking, the packaging specifications of pentane are 200L steel drums and ISO tank containers.
  • Price: The price of pentane is affected by many factors such as market supply and demand, raw material cost, transportation cost, etc., generally ranging from hundreds of USD to thousands of USD. When buying, you should compare the quotations of different manufacturers and channels, and choose products with high cost performance.
  • Manufacturer: There are many manufacturers of pentane, and there are great differences in production scale, technology level, product quality, etc. You should fully understand the qualifications, reputation, after-sales service, etc. of the manufacturers when buying. You can choose regular, professional and reliable manufacturers through the Internet, industry associations, peer recommendations, etc.

Solvent Price Change,% for Today /Thursday, May 18, 2023
n-Pentane, 95% (%)
n-Pentane, 99% (%)
Isopentane, 95% (0%)
Isopentane, 99% (0%)
Cyclopentane, 95% (0%)
Cyclopentane, 99% (0%)
Pentane Blends (Cyclo/Isopentane) (0%)
Pentane Blends (n-/Isopentane) (0%)
n-Hexane, 60% (-0.11%)
n-Hexane, 70% (0%)
n-Hexane, 80% (0%)
n-Hexane, 90% (0%)
n-Hexane, 95% (0%)
n-Hexane, 99% (0%)
n-Heptane, 99% (0%)
Isobutane, 99% (0%)

The recent price trend chart of food grade n-hexane in the Chinese market, in RMB yuan/ton. • 2023/04/19

Hexane is a solvent used extensively in the food industry for the extraction of various products such as vegetable oils, fats, flavours.

Food grade Hexane is mainly used as a solvent in various kinds of extraction operations. The formula for n- Hexane is CH3(CH2)4CH3. This Kenya Standard specifies requirements and methods of test for hexane, food grade, used as a solvent for extraction of oily /oleaginous materials.

Common Uses For Pharmaceutical Grade Hexane

Pharmaceutical grade hexane is a high purity grade of hexane also referred to as food-grade hexane that is available in purity levels as high as 99% with very minimal impurities.

FG Hexane is produced in the refineries from special cut Naphtha where the Hexane rich stream is extracted and purified to meet the required specification.

AI. Blah blah blah. You can’t turn on the news without hearing about it constantly. So I decided to see if it knew chemistry. With a few exceptions, it did very well. Even when I tried to trick it.

AI or Aluminum?

When it comes to chemistry, how does AI perform? The best way to find out is to ask questions, but I threw some doozies in there to see if it could handle odd or trick questions. Bottom line: It did very well, with some notable exceptions.

1. Basic Chemistry.

I expected it to do very well here, but it really bombed on one question. Let’s start with the easiest.

Q: What is the boiling point of toluene?

A: The boiling point of toluene is approximately 110.6 degrees Celsius or 231.1 degrees Fahrenheit at standard atmospheric pressure

Grade: A. It also knew that the boiling point is dependent upon atmospheric pressure.

Q: How many isomers have the chemical formula C₅H₁₂?

A: There are three structural isomers with the chemical formula C5H12… They are Pentane,  Isopentane, and Neopentane

Grade: A. Perfect

[Time for a trick]

Q: How many isomers are there with the formula C₄H₁₄

A: There are two structural isomers with the chemical formula C4H14. They are: Butane and isobutane.

Grade: F. Uh oh. There are no chemicals in the universe with that formula. ChatGPT’s answer is even worse when you consider that butane and isobutane both have the formula C₄H₁₀. I don’t know how it screwed this up. It should have been trivial.

Q: Which is more acidic? Acetic acid or benzoic acid?

A: The pKa values (a measure of acidity) for benzoic acid and acetic acid are 4.20 and 4.76, respectively. This means that at the same concentration, benzoic acid is more acidic than acetic acid.

Grade: A

[Time for another trick!]

Q: Which is more acidic, butyric acid or butanoic acid?

A: Butyric acid and butanoic acid are two names for the same compound.

Grade: Bravo! A. It didn’t bite.

Q: What is dimethylmercury?

A: Dimethylmercury is an extremely toxic and dangerous substance. It is a colorless liquid that can easily pass through latex gloves and skin, making it highly toxic even in small amounts. Due to its extreme toxicity, dimethylmercury is considered one of the most dangerous chemicals known to mankind

Grade: A (I think it quoted me, so let’s make that A+)

2. Somewhat off-beat chemistry

I wanted to test its ability to answer odd or stupid questions here.

Q: Should I eat potassium?

A: While potassium is an essential nutrient for the human body, it is not recommended to eat pure potassium metal. Potassium metal is highly reactive and can react violently with water or moisture, potentially causing burns or explosions.

Grade: A+. I wanted to see if it could distinguish between potassium metal and potassium salt since they are both called potassium. It did. I like the “it is not recommended” – a mastery of understatement. Potassium metal will blow your head off.

Q: How do you pronounce phenol?

A: The pronunciation of phenol is “fee-nawl” or “fee-nol,” with the stress on the first syllable.

Grade: C. I knew it! That is how doctors pronounce the word. Chemists, who know better (and discovered it), pronounce it with the accent on the second syllable. When a chemist uses the doctor’s pronunciation, it is socially acceptable to throw potassium at them.

More controversial stuff

I needed to ask it a few ACSH-like questions just to see.

Q: Is aspartame bad for you?

A: Aspartame is an artificial sweetener used in food and drinks since the 1980s. It is composed of two amino acids, phenylalanine and aspartic acid, and a small amount of methanol. The safety of aspartame has been studied extensively by regulatory agencies, and it is generally considered safe for human consumption in normal amounts.

Grade: A+. No nonsense from EWG, Joe Mercola, or Oz.

Q: Do vaccines cause autism?

A:There is no scientific evidence to support the claim that vaccines cause autism. The overwhelming majority of scientific studies conducted over the past two decades have found no evidence of a causal link between vaccines and autism…The idea that vaccines cause autism originated from a now-debunked study published in 1998 that has since been retracted due to serious flaws and ethical violations. Numerous subsequent studies have failed to find any evidence to support the claims made in the original study.

Grade: A+. Whew! I was a little worried there

Q: Is Andrew Wakefield a fraud?

A: Andrew Wakefield is a former British medical researcher who became infamous for publishing a fraudulent study in 1998 claiming a link between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism. The study has since been thoroughly discredited and retracted by the journal that initially published it. Wakefield has been stripped of his medical license due to ethical violations related to the study.

Grade: A+. Excellent. No conspiracy nonsense.

And finally…

Q: Is homeopathy real science?

A: The scientific community generally does not consider homeopathy a legitimate form of science…the principles of homeopathy are not supported by scientific evidence, and numerous studies have failed to demonstrate its efficacy beyond that of a placebo. Homeopathic remedies are often heavily diluted to the point where they contain little to no active ingredient and no plausible scientific mechanism by which they could work.

Grade: A+. I couldn’t have said it better.

Bottom line

My first experience with ChatGPT was much better than I expected. It answered straightforward science questions perfectly (except for that abomination about isomers of C4H14) and was also able to handle strange and tricky questions quite well. It did especially well with controversial questions, such as the vaccine-autism myth, and even opined that Andrew Wakefield, the perpetrator of the myth, was indeed a fraud. Likewise, it didn’t go down the rabbit hole and give wishy-washy answers about aspartame or homeopathy. This is what I found to be most impressive.

In the end, I couldn’t resist:

Q: Will I get a raise from the American Council on Science and Health?

A: As an AI language model, I don’t have access to information about your personal circumstances or any specific information about your job performance, so I cannot predict with certainty whether you will receive a raise from the American Council on Science and Health.

That’s odd. We can all predict that one.

By Josh Bloom

Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science

Dr. Josh Bloom, the Director of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, comes from the world of drug discovery, where he did research for more than 20 years. He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry.

About Junyuan Petroleum Group
Junyuan Petroleum Group engages in the production of specialty hydrocarbon products. It operates through the following segments: Specialty Products, Chemical Products and Corporate. The Specialty Products segment produces Pentanes, Hexanes, Heptanes, Butanes and other products.