Global geothermal power generation: the future star of clean energy

Summary:
With the continuous growth of global demand for clean energy, geothermal power generation, as an environmentally friendly and renewable form of energy, is gradually receiving attention from around the world. This article provides an overview of the development history, global layout, and several major thermal systems of geothermal power generation. Special mention was made of Italy as the world’s earliest country to utilize geothermal power generation, as well as China’s progress in the field of geothermal power generation. In addition, it also introduced the important raw materials provided by Junyuan Oil Group for global geothermal power generation projects.

Keywords: geothermal power generation; Clean energy; Thermal system; Raw material supply

Main text:

In the context of global energy structure transformation, geothermal power generation has become a shining star in the clean energy field with its unique advantages. Since Italy built the world’s first geothermal experimental power plant in 1904, geothermal power generation technology has gone through more than a hundred years of development. Nowadays, 32 countries around the world have established geothermal power plants with a total installed capacity of over 8 million kilowatts, making them an important choice to replace traditional fossil fuels.

In the global layout of geothermal power generation, countries such as the United States, Italy, Japan, and New Zealand are in a leading position. Especially in the United States, its installed capacity of geothermal power generation ranks first in the world, with Unit 11 of the Gaisse geothermal power station having a single unit capacity of up to 106000 kilowatts, demonstrating the enormous potential of geothermal power generation.

China started research in the field of geothermal power generation relatively late, but significant progress has also been made in recent years. Since the late 1960s, China has successively built several geothermal test power stations, of which the Yangbajing geothermal power station in Xizang, as the largest geothermal power station in China, has been operating safely and stably. The construction and operation of these power stations have accumulated valuable experience for the development of geothermal power generation technology in China.

The thermal system of geothermal power generation mainly includes geothermal steam power generation thermal system, expansion method geothermal water power generation thermal system, and intermediate medium method geothermal hydropower thermal system. These systems are suitable for geothermal fields in different temperature ranges, providing technical support for achieving the full utilization of geothermal resources.

It is worth mentioning that Junyuan Petroleum Group, as an important participant in global geothermal power projects, provides key raw materials such as isopentane and isobutane for global geothermal power projects. These raw materials play an important role in the thermal system of geothermal power generation and are one of the key factors to ensure the efficient operation of the geothermal power generation system.

Looking ahead to the future, with the continuous growth of global demand for clean energy, geothermal power generation will usher in a broader development space. Especially in many developing countries, geothermal resources are particularly abundant and have enormous development potential. It can be foreseen that in the near future, geothermal power generation will become one of the important pillars in the global clean energy field.

Today is the second day of the new year, and the prices of #pentane, #hexane and #heptane series products have not changed.
Industry News
According to market news, the Ministry of Commerce recently approved and issued the allowable import volume of the first batch of crude oil for non-state trade in 2022, with a total amount of 109.03 million tons, a decrease of 11% compared with the same period in 2021. The quota of some independent refineries in Shandong and Northeast China was reduced.
After the impact of the epidemic on the national economy in 2020, Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil exporter, continued to pick up its foreign trade in 2021. According to the statistics released by the Saudi National Bureau of statistics on the evening of the 26th local time, Saudi Arabia’s foreign exports in October 2021 increased by 90% over the same period last year. Affected by the rising oil price, crude oil exports reached 82.4 billion Saudi Riyals (about 140.08 billion yuan), an increase of 123.1% over October 2020; The export volume of non oil commodities increased by 25.5% over the same period last year, and the total export volume also increased by 12.2% over September 2021.
Earlier this month, the Saudi Ministry of Finance announced the national budget for 2021-2022, which is expected to have a fiscal surplus for the first time in nine years. The world economic outlook report released by the International Monetary Fund in October also predicts that Saudi Arabia’s economic growth will reach 2.8% in 2021 and further increase to 4.8% in 2022.

Read More

Name: Isopentane
Purity: 95%, 99%
CAS NO 78-78-4
The molecular formula of isopentane is C5H12. It is colorless, transparent and volatile liquid with pleasant aromatic smell. High purity isopentane is widely used in organic synthesis reaction and separation and purification of organic compounds. It can also be used as solvent and refrigerant. As a blending component of gasoline, industrial grade blended gasoline has the characteristics of high octane number, low density, high octane number and good low temperature start-up.

Junyuan Petroleum Group is a manufacturer of high purity specialty chemicals for pharmaceutical, biotech, nutritional, edible oil extraction, food and other markets. Our ability to customize products that meet customer-specific requirements has made us a global leader in quality. For more than 10 years, Junyuan Petroleum Group has ensured that every step of the process is controlled, meeting the highest levels of purity and lot-to-lot consistency.

Isopentane(2-Methylbutane), purity 95%, 99%, in Isotank and drums

Product Description
Iso-pentane(2-Methylbutane)  Applications.
Isopentanes are some of the primary blowing agents used in the production of polystyrene foam and other foams. Usually, a mixture of n-, i-, and increasingly cyclopentane is used for this purpose. Because of its low boiling point, low cost, and relative safety, pentane is used as a working medium in geothermal power stations. It is added into some refrigerant blends as well.
Isopentanes are relatively inexpensive and are the most volatile alkanes that are liquid at room temperature, so they are often used in the laboratory as solvents that can be conveniently evaporated. Pentanes are miscible with most common nonpolar solvents such as chlorocarbons, aromatics, and ethers. They are also often used in liquid chromatography.  Isopentane is also used in a closed loop in geothermal power production to drive turbines. Isopentane is used, in conjunction with dry ice or liquid nitrogen, to freeze tissues for cryosectioning in histology.

SPECIFICATIONS
Appearance :  Colourless and not turbid
Color-saybolt:  +30min
Iso-Pentane wt%:  ≥95%
N-Pentane: balance
Butanes and lighters %: ≤0.5
Hexanes and heavier%: ≤0.5
Total Oleffines, PPM: ≤20
Total Sulphur, ppm: <1
Benzene, PPM: <1
Bromine index, PPM: <10
Non volatile matter, mg/100ml: <0.5
Specific Gravity g/cm3: 0.61-0.65
Water, PPM: ≤20

Isopentane Physical Parameters
Isopentane Basic Information
English Name: 2-Methylbutane
CAS Number: 78-78-4
Appearance    Colorless transparent liquid 
Odor          Odorless
Melting point/freezing point  -159.89℃
Initial boiling point and boiling range    27.8-28.2℃
Flash point   -51.0℃
Evaporation rate   13 BuAc=1
Flammability (solid, gas)    HIGHLY FLAMMABLE
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits    Upper 8.3%； Lower 1.32%
Vapour pressure    79.3 @ 21.1℃
Vapour density      2.48（AIR=1）
Relative density     0.62 （WATER=1）
Water solubility     Immiscible
Autoignition temperature   420℃
Viscosity                  0.214 cP (at 20 °C)
Refractive index         1.357

Synonyms: 2-Methylbutane, Isopentane, Iso-pentane, IP,  methylbutane

Handling method and safety information 
Iso-pentane is is a highly flammable alicyclic hydrocarbon. Read the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) before use. Dangerous or hazardous
reactions do not take place. 

Isopentane(2-Methylbutane) Packaging specifications 
125 kg/drum, ISO Tank.

Industries
Cosmetics & Personal Care , Additive Manufacturing , Plastics , Chemical Manufacturing
Applications
Organic Intermediates , Chemicals for Industrial Oils , Ready-to-Use: Refrigerants , Blowing Agents , Hydrocarbon Solvents , Chemicals for Metal Working Fluids

Package:Bag, Bales, Bottle, Box, FTL, FCL, Can, Can (metal), Can (plastic), BigBag, Drum, Drum (fiber), Drum (plastic), Drum (steel), IBC, ISO container, Pallet, Pieces, Rail tank car, Tank container, Other
Incoterms:CFR, CIF, CIP, CPT, DAP, DAT, DDP, EXW, FCA, FOB

About Manufacturer of Isopentane
Junyuan Petroleum Group founded in 1999 by Mr. Miao. We have become one of the premier pentane, Isopentane, pentane blend, hexane, heptane, octane and specialty solvent manufacturers in China. For the last 11 years, Junyuan Petroleum Group has had the distinct recognition of being in the Nation’s #1 Manufacturer for the highest purity of n-Hexane and the #1 Manufacturer for Pentanes. Today, Junyuan Petroleum Group has grown to 2 plants located in Dongying and Dushanzi. We are committed to meeting the needs of our customers in those regions as well as the world.

Basic Information

Molecular Structure:

Hazard Symbols

Isopentane Consensus Reports

Reported in EPA TSCA Inventory.

Isopentane Standards and Recommendations

ACGIH TLV: TWA 600 ppm
DFG MAK: 1000 ppm (3000 mg/m³)
NIOSH REL: (Alkanes) TWA 350 mg/m³
DOT Classification:  3; Label: Flammable Liquid

Isopentane Specification

The Isopentane, with the CAS registry number 78-78-4,is also known as 2-Methylbutane. It belongs to the product categories of Industrial/Fine Chemicals;refrigerants;Organics. Its EINECS number is 201-142-8. This chemical’s molecular formula is C₅H₁₂ and molecular weight is 72.15. What’s more,Its systematic name is Isopentane. It is a colourless liquid with a characteristic smell. And it can be used as a solvent of polyethylene, also can be made of polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam system, foam, solvent de-asphalting. It is a low toxic, flammable liquids, burning will produce irritation of smoke, need to store in the cold and dry environment, and stored separately with oxidants and acids. dry powder, dry sand, carbon dioxide, foam can be used if something urgent happened.

Physical properties about Isopentane are:
(1)ACD/LogP:  3.099; (2)# of Rule of 5 Violations:  0; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5):  3.10; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4):  3.10; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5):  133.37; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4):  133.37; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5):  1155.38; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4):  1155.38; (9)#H bond acceptors:  0; (10)#H bond donors:  0; (11)#Freely Rotating Bonds:  1; (12)Index of Refraction:  1.369; (13)Molar Refractivity:  25.172 cm³; (14)Molar Volume:  111.446 cm³; (15)Surface Tension:  17.6599998474121 dyne/cm; (16)Density:  0.647 g/cm³; (17)Flash Point:  -56.667 °C; (18)Enthalpy of Vaporization:  26.102 kJ/mol; (19)Boiling Point:  26.24 °C at 760 mmHg; (20)Vapour Pressure:  727.116027832031 mmHg at 25°C.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1)SMILES:CC(C)CC;
(2)Std. InChI:InChI=1S/C5H12/c1-4-5(2)3/h5H,4H2,1-3H3;
(3)Std. InChIKey:QWTDNUCVQCZILF-UHFFFAOYSA-N.

Safety Information of Isopentane:
The Isopentane is Extremely flammable.So Keep it away from sources of ignition. It is toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. So it should be avoided  release to the environment. Refer to special instructions / safety data sheets, and take precautionary measures against static discharges. It is Harmful: may cause lung damage if swallowed, and repeated exposure may cause skin dryness or cracking. Its Vapours may cause drowsiness and dizziness. Keep container in a well-ventilated place. If swallowed, do not induce vomitting; seek medical advice immediately and show this container or label.

The toxicity data of Isopentane are as follows:

Introduction of Isopentane

Isopentane (CAS NO.: 78-78-4) is a organic compound with the chemical formular C₅H₁₂. It is a branched-chain alkane with five carbon atoms. The appearance of this chemical is colourless liquid with a characteristic smell. Besides, isopentane boiling point is 26.2 °C at 760 mmHg. Every isopentane 99% suppliers has its isopentane msds. Most isopentane suppliers nowadays will use the percent to show its product quality.

Isopentane 99% specification

Isopentane price: 1400-1600USD/TON
Isopentane 99%
Colour: colourless , transparent liquid .
Mechanical impurity and moisture ppm: without
Isopentane%: 99.5
C4 content %: 0.00
C6 content %: 0.44
Density: 0.647 g/cm³
Melting Point: -160 °C
Boiling Point: 26.2 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: -51 °C
Appearance: colourless liquid with a characteristic smell

ISOPENTANE

ISOPENTANE is classified as :PropellantSolventViscosity controlling

1 Products Isopentane 99% cosm.

• Solvents Carriers

Junyuan Petroleum Group, Isopentane producer 1 Products matching your search

Isopentane
PUBCHEM
ISOPENTANE
DEPOSITOR-SUPPLIED SYNONYMS

Depositor-Supplied Synonyms Help
ISOPENTANE
2-Methylbutane
78-78-4
Isoamylhydride
Butane, 2-methyl-
iso-Pentane
1,1,2-Trimethylethane
Dimethylethylmethane
Ethyldimethylmethane
1,1-dimethylpropane
ISO PENTANE
Butanes
iso-C5H12
NSC 119476
UNII-ZH67814I0O
HSDB 618
EINECS 201-142-8
AI3-28787
(CH3)2CH-CH2-CH3
CHEBI:30362
ZH67814I0O
2-Methylbutane, for HPLC
Q-200305
2-Methylbutane, 99+%, for spectroscopy
2-Methylbutane, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
2-Methylbutane, 99+%, Extra Dry, AcroSeal(R)
Mixed butanes
Field butane
2-methyl-butane
solvent isopentane
95% isopentane
99% isopentane
C7-8 isoparaffin
Butane (petroleum)
Propane, dimethyl-
Exxsol isopentane S
1,2-Trimethylethane
Butane (field grade)
blowing agent isopentane
ACMC-209pfa
foaming agent Isopentane
C3-C4 Splitter bottoms
Mixed butanes (petroleum)
isopentane(2-methylbutane)
EC 201-142-8
[C]C(C)CC
[C]CC(C)C
C[C]C(C)C
KSC155C9N
UNII-53X7V89P1E
CHEMBL1797287
DTXSID8025468
CTK0F5196
R-601a
53X7V89P1E
WLN: 2Y1&1
2-Methylbutane, SAJ special grade
2-Methylbutane, analytical standard
Butane-isobutane stream (petroleum)
ZINC1709041
EINECS 271-009-7
EINECS 274-273-1
2-Methylbutane, 99+%, extra pure
2-Methylbutane, anhydrous, >=99%
ANW-37220
MFCD00009338
NSC119476
AKOS015841718
FCH1112917
LS-1753
MCULE-5376105936
NSC-119476
KS-00000X66
2-Methylbutane, for HPLC, >=99.5%
2-Methylbutane, purum, >=95.0% (GC)
M0167
NS00003083
2-Methylbutane, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%
15415-EP2270008A1
15415-EP2287153A1
15415-EP2292589A1
15415-EP2292617A1
15415-EP2305683A1
15415-EP2311808A1
15415-EP2311829A1
15415-EP2311839A1
15415-EP2314574A1
15415-EP2314589A1
15415-EP2316837A1
15415-EP2372804A1
15415-EP2378585A1
92812-EP2295417A1
92812-EP2305649A1
92812-EP2380568A1
2-Methylbutane, puriss. p.a., >=99.5% (GC)
2-Methylbutane, spectrophotometric grade, >=99%
212698-EP2374780A1
212698-EP2374781A1
Q422703
Isopentane Solution, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
1320-76-9
61G