TBPS Market & Trends

Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide (commonly referred to as TBPS, CAS No. 68937-96-2), an advanced high-performance organic sulfur compound, has become increasingly vital in the field of refinery hydroprocessing and in-situ catalyst pre-sulfiding.

This report focuses on the application status of TBPS in refinery hydrotreating units, a comprehensive technical comparison against traditional alternatives, and the development trends of localized supply in China.

1. Core Positioning of TBPS in Refinery Hydroprocessing Units

In refinery hydrotreating and hydrocracking units, freshly loaded catalyst metals are in an oxidized state (such as CoO-MoO3). These must be converted into active metal disulfide phases (such as Co-Mo-S active sites) through a sulfiding agent to exhibit catalytic activity.

For decades, dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) has been the traditional workhorse sulfiding agent in refineries. However, as safety and environmental regulations tighten and catalyst technology advances, TBPS is rapidly emerging as the premier green alternative for high-standard refinery start-ups due to its unique molecular structure and much milder physical properties.

2. Technical Comparison: TBPS vs. DMDS

When selecting a sulfiding agent, refineries primarily evaluate active sulfur content, decomposition temperature, safety risks, and the impact of byproducts on the recycle gas system. The following highlights the key differences between TBPS and traditional DMDS:

• Active Sulfur Content:
  • DMDS: Approximately 68%, offering an advantage in terms of unit dosage and initial purchasing cost.
  • TBPS: Approximately 54% – 55%.
• Flash Point and Safety Level:
  • TBPS: Flash point greater than 100°C, classified as a non-flammable liquid. It offers exceptional safety during transport, storage, and on-site handling, with no special fire-hazard restrictions.
  • DMDS: Flash point is only 16°C – 24°C, classified as a highly flammable liquid requiring rigorous storage and nitrogen-blanketed unloading protocols.
• Typical Decomposition Temperature:
  • TBPS: Decomposition begins at approximately 150°C. This low-temperature decomposition releases H2S early, preventing active metal oxides on the catalyst from being prematurely reduced to elemental metals by high-temperature hydrogen, thus locking in peak catalyst activity.
  • DMDS: Decomposition typically begins around 200°C.
• Odor Profile and Environmental Acceptance:
  • TBPS: Possesses a mild, diesel-like odor with no pungent stench, making it highly acceptable to refinery operators and completely eliminating odor-related community complaints.
  • DMDS: Emits an extremely strong, obnoxious garlic-like odor, which frequently triggers environmental complaints from refinery staff and nearby residential areas.
• Decomposition Byproducts:
  • TBPS: The primary byproduct is isobutane, which does not easily condense in the recycle gas loop and will not dilute hydrogen purity, maintaining stable system pressure.
  • DMDS: The primary byproduct is methane, which can dilute recycle gas hydrogen purity and increase purge gas discharge requirements.
• Start-up Efficiency:
  • TBPS: Supports rapid, low-temperature H2S breakthrough with mild reaction heat, significantly shortening the overall sulfiding schedule.
  • DMDS: The sulfiding process is highly exothermic, requiring strict temperature ramp control to prevent localized bed overheating (temperature runaway).

3. Global and Chinese TBPS Supply Landscape

3.1 International Market Status

Globally, high-purity TBPS production technology and mature supply chains have historically been concentrated in the hands of a few multinational specialty organic sulfur chemical giants. Due to their long-term presence in the market, these international producers hold a major share in global mid-to-high-end refineries. However, with extended international shipping lead times, rising geopolitical risks, and soaring logistics costs, their dominance is being challenged by rising domestic chemical producers in China.

3.2 Breakthrough by Chinese Producer — Junyuan Petroleum Group

Driven by the explosive growth of China’s integrated refining complexes and large-scale hydroprocessing units, domestic manufacturers are accelerating efforts to break foreign monopolies:

Junyuan Petroleum Group, a premier Chinese manufacturer specializing in high-purity hydrocarbon solvents and specialty additives, has developed and launched its proprietary, eco-friendly TBPS sulfiding agent.

Leveraging strict internal quality control and advanced chemical synthesis, Junyuan Petroleum Group ensures its TBPS meets exact industry specifications, including an active sulfur content of ~55%, low viscosity, and excellent thermal stability. The group’s domestic production secures a highly reliable, resilient supply chain for refineries in China and the broader Asia-Pacific region, while significantly lowering total procurement costs through a direct-from-factory supply model. Technical Data Sheets (TDS), Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and product samples are readily available through the group’s official sales channels.

4. Future Trend Outlook (Through 2035)

Trend 1: Strict Environmental and Safety Mandates Accelerating the Shift to Green Alternatives

As global environmental regulations and green refinery standards intensify, refineries have zero tolerance for H2S exposure risks and odor complaints. Over the next decade, the adoption rate of TBPS over DMDS in new and upgraded hydrocracking and heavy oil hydrotreating units is projected to grow at an annualized rate of over 10%.

Trend 2: Shorter Start-up Windows Driving the Need for High-Efficiency Sulfiding

For world-scale refineries, unplanned downtime or extended start-up windows carry massive financial penalties. The lower decomposition temperature of TBPS and its shorter H2S breakthrough time eliminate the risk of localized reactor runaway while slashing overall start-up hours, matching the industry’s demand for fast, safe, and efficient operations.

Trend 3: Deep Collaboration Between Local Supply Chains and Mega-Refineries

The massive scale of modern integrated refining projects requires reliable, high-volume chemical supply. Over the next 3 to 5 years, domestic producers led by Junyuan Petroleum Group will leverage their localized logistics and prompt technical support to build long-term, strategic supply partnerships with major state-owned and private mega-refineries, paving the way for complete import substitution.

5. Sales, Quotes, and Product Inquiry

As a leading manufacturer of high-purity TBPS sulfiding agents, Junyuan Petroleum Group is dedicated to providing refineries and catalyst service providers worldwide with premium products and comprehensive technical support.

For product pricing, customized technical solutions, TDS/SDS requests, or sample inquiries, please contact our sales team directly.

DMDS Applications in the Saudi Arabian Energy and Petrochemical Sectors

The petrochemical and refining landscape in Saudi Arabia represents one of the most demanding industrial environments globally. For operators seeking to optimize catalyst performance and extend the lifespan of high-temperature equipment, Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS) has emerged as the industry-standard chemical agent.

This article explores the primary industrial applications of DMDS within the region and the logistical frameworks that support its distribution.

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Catalyst Presulfiding in Hydroprocessing

In the refining sector, the efficiency of hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrocracking units depends heavily on the activation of catalysts. These catalysts are typically delivered in a metal-oxide state and must be converted to an active metal-sulfide state through a process known as presulfiding.

DMDS is the preferred agent for this process due to its high sulfur content (approximately 68%) and its controlled decomposition temperature. When injected into the reactor, it decomposes into hydrogen sulfide ($H_2S$), ensuring a uniform and deep sulfidation of the catalyst bed. This precise activation results in higher activity levels, longer cycle lengths, and improved product quality for ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) and gasoline.

Coking Inhibition in Ethylene Cracking

Ethylene production is a cornerstone of regional industrial output. One of the primary operational challenges in steam cracking is the accumulation of coke on the internal surfaces of radiant furnace tubes.

The application of DMDS serves as a critical anti-coking strategy. When introduced into the hydrocarbon feed, DMDS facilitates the formation of a protective metal-sulfide layer on the furnace tube walls. This passivation layer offers two distinct advantages:

1. Extension of Run Length: By reducing the rate of carbon deposition, plants can operate for longer periods between decoking cycles.
2. CO Reduction: It minimizes the catalytic formation of carbon monoxide, thereby improving the purity of the effluent stream.

Emerging Agricultural and Soil Treatment Uses

Beyond the oil and gas value chain, there is a growing focus on sustainable agricultural practices in the region. DMDS is increasingly utilized as a high-performance soil fumigant. As a viable alternative to phased-out chemicals like methyl bromide, DMDS effectively controls nematodes and soil-borne pathogens. Its rapid degradation in soil makes it a preferred choice for modern greenhouse operations and high-value crop production.

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The Role of Local Distribution and Specialized Logistics

The effective utilization of DMDS in the Kingdom relies on a sophisticated supply chain managed by specialized industrial distributors. These local partners act as the essential bridge between global chemical manufacturers and domestic end-users.

Supply Chain Integration

Major holding groups and their dedicated petrochemical subsidiaries provide the necessary infrastructure for the safe handling of DMDS. Given the chemical’s distinct odor and hazardous nature, local distributors maintain specialized storage facilities and transport fleets that comply with stringent safety regulations.

Technical Support and Injection Services

The application of DMDS is often accompanied by specialized onsite services. Local providers often coordinate with technical experts to monitor injection rates and ensure optimal sulfiding during refinery turnarounds. This localized expertise reduces downtime and ensures that large-scale industrial projects remain on schedule.

Conclusion

As the regional energy sector continues to evolve toward higher efficiency and environmental compliance, the role of specialized chemicals like DMDS becomes even more vital. From ensuring the potency of refining catalysts to protecting ethylene furnaces and modernizing agriculture, DMDS remains a versatile tool in the Kingdom’s industrial arsenal.

For operators and plant managers, partnering with established local distributors remains the most effective way to secure a reliable supply of high-purity DMDS while benefiting from localized logistical support.

Technical Data Sheet: Dimethyl Disulfide (DMDS)

Dimethyl Disulfide is a high-purity organosulfur compound used primarily as a sulfiding agent in the petrochemical industry and a passivation agent in ethylene production.

Physical and Chemical Properties

• Chemical Formula: $CH_3SSCH_3$
• Sulfur Content: 68.1% by weight
• Appearance: Clear, pale yellow liquid
• Boiling Point: 109.7°C
• Flash Point: 15°C (Closed Cup)
• Density at 20°C: 1.062 g/cm³
• Solubility: Insoluble in water; highly soluble in lipids and organic solvents.

Key Advantages

• Highest Sulfur Density: Provides more sulfur per unit volume compared to Dimethyl Sulfide (DMS) or Di-tert-butyl Polysulfide (TBPS), reducing logistics and storage costs.
• Two-Step Decomposition: Decomposes in a controlled manner to H2S, allowing for stable temperature management during the exothermic sulfiding process.
• Low Coking Potential: Minimal carbon byproduct during decomposition, preserving catalyst pore structure.

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The Key to Efficient Sulfiding in Refinery Operations

In modern refining operations, maintaining optimal catalyst performance in hydrotreating and hydrocracking units is crucial. Among the many chemical tools available, Tertiary Butyl Polysulfide (TBPS) and Di-tert-Butyl Polysulfide (DTBPS) stand out as highly effective sulfiding agents, ensuring catalysts achieve full activity quickly and reliably.

What Are TBPS and DTBPS?

TBPS and DTBPS are organosulfur compounds specially formulated to introduce sulfur into refinery catalysts. They are liquid sulfiding agents designed for use in hydrotreating (HDT) and hydrocracking (HYC) processes, where rapid and controlled sulfiding is critical for:

• Activating fresh catalysts
• Maintaining catalyst activity during operation
• Minimizing downtime during catalyst replacement

Both TBPS and DTBPS are highly soluble in refinery feedstocks, providing uniform sulfur distribution and minimizing risk of localized over-sulfiding.

Why Choose TBPS and DTBPS?

Refinery operators prefer TBPS and DTBPS for several reasons:

1. Fast and Efficient Sulfiding
   These agents rapidly convert metal oxides in catalysts to their sulfide form, ensuring immediate catalyst activity upon start-up.
2. Enhanced Safety
   Compared to elemental sulfur or H₂S gas, TBPS/DTBPS are easier to handle, with lower risk of corrosion and toxic gas exposure.
3. Optimized Catalyst Life
   Proper sulfiding reduces catalyst deactivation, extending operational life and improving overall process efficiency.
4. Flexible Application
   Suitable for all types of hydrotreating and hydrocracking catalysts, TBPS and DTBPS are compatible with diverse refinery feedstocks.

Typical Applications in Refineries

• Hydrotreating Units: Sulfiding fresh Co-Mo or Ni-Mo catalysts before hydrogenation of sulfur-containing feedstocks.
• Hydrocracking Units: Ensuring proper sulfiding of Ni-W or Ni-Mo catalysts to maximize conversion and selectivity.
• Startup & Maintenance: TBPS/DTBPS can be used during catalyst replacement, regeneration, or maintenance cycles.

Handling and Storage

To maximize safety and efficacy:

• Store in cool, dry areas away from direct sunlight.
• Use compatible materials for tanks and transfer lines to avoid corrosion.
• Follow standard personal protective equipment (PPE) guidelines during handling.

Conclusion

For refinery operators seeking reliable and efficient sulfiding solutions, TBPS and DTBPS provide the ultimate combination of safety, speed, and performance. Their ability to activate catalysts rapidly and maintain operational stability makes them essential chemicals in modern hydrotreating and hydrocracking operations.