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{"id":2120,"date":"2022-03-04T02:22:11","date_gmt":"2022-03-04T02:22:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/junyuanpetroleumgroup.com\/solvents\/?p=2120"},"modified":"2022-03-04T02:22:11","modified_gmt":"2022-03-04T02:22:11","slug":"classification-of-polar-solvents","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/junyuanpetroleumgroup.com\/solvents\/classification-of-polar-solvents\/","title":{"rendered":"The classification and size order of polar solvents"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>The classification and size order of polar solvents
\nPolar solvent
\nPolar solvent refers to the solvent containing polar groups such as hydroxyl or carbonyl, that is, the solvent molecule is a polar molecule. The polarity of the molecule is caused by the non coincidence of the centers of gravity of positive and negative charges in the molecule. The physical quantity used to characterize the polarity of molecules is dipole moment or dielectric constant. A large dielectric constant indicates a large polarity.
\nChemical covalent bond can be divided into polar bond and nonpolar bond. Nonpolar bonds are common electron pairs that are not offset and appear in simple substances, such as O2; A polar bond is an offset of a common electron pair, such as HCl. When the offset is very strong, it seems that one side completely loses electrons and the other side gets electrons, which will become ionic bonds, such as NaCl.
\nThe polarity of a compound depends on the functional groups and molecular structure contained in the molecule. The polarity of various compounds increases in the following order:
\n\u2013 CH3, \u2013 CH2 -, \u2013 CH =, \u2013 C III, \u2013 o-r, \u2013 S-R, \u2013 NO2, \u2013 n (R) 2, \u2013 ocor, \u2013 CHO, \u2013 COR, \u2013 NH2, \u2013 Oh, \u2013 COOH, \u2013 SO3H
\nStrong polar solvent
\nMethanol > ethanol > isopropanol
\nMedium polar solvent
\nEthyl cyanide \uff1e ethyl acetate \uff1e chloroform \uff1e dichloromethane \uff1e ether \uff1e toluene
\nNonpolar solvent
\nCyclohexane, petroleum ether, hexane, pentane
\nPolarity order of single solvent
\nPetroleum ether (small) \u2192 cyclohexane \u2192 carbon tetrachloride \u2192 trichloroethylene \u2192 benzene \u2192 toluene \u2192 dichloromethane \u2192 chloroform \u2192 ether \u2192 ethyl acetate \u2192 methyl acetate \u2192 acetone \u2192 n-propanol \u2192 methanol \u2192 pyridine \u2192 acetic acid (large)
\n $\"\"$ <\/a>\n

Polar order of mixed solvents
\nBenzene: chloroform (1 + 1) \u2192 cyclohexane: ethyl acetate (8 + 2) \u2192 chloroform: acetone (95 + 5) \u2192 benzene: acetone (9 + 1) \u2192 benzene: ethyl acetate (8 + 2) \u2192 chloroform: ether (9 + 1) \u2192 benzene: methanol (95 + 5) \u2192 benzene: ether (6 + 4) \u2192 cyclohexane: ethyl acetate (1 + 1) \u2192 chloroform: ether (8 + 2) \u2192 chloroform: methanol (99 + 1) \u2192 benzene: methanol (9 + 1) \u2192 chloroform: acetone (85 + 15) \u2192 benzene: ether (4 + 6) \u2192 benzene: ethyl acetate (1 + 1) \u2192 chloroform: methanol (95 + 5) \u2192 chloroform: acetone (7 + 3) \u2192 benzene: ethyl acetate (3 + 7) \u2192 benzene: ether (1 + 9) \u2192 ether: methanol (99 + 1) \u2192 ethyl acetate: methanol (99 + 1) \u2192 benzene: acetone (1 + 1) \u2192 chloroform: methanol (9 + 1)
\nNote: benzene: methanol (95 + 5) means that 95 volumes of benzene are mixed with 5 volumes of methanol to form a mixed solvent
\nCommon mixed solvents
\nEthyl acetate \/ hexane: common concentration: 0 ~ 30%. However, it is sometimes difficult to completely remove the solvent on the rotary evaporator.
\nEther \/ pentane system: it is commonly used when the concentration is 0 ~ 40%. It is very easy to remove on the rotary evaporator.
\nEthanol \/ hexane or pentane: 5 ~ 30% is suitable for strong polar compounds.
\nDichloromethane \/ hexane or pentane: 5 ~ 30%, which can be considered when other mixed solvents fail.
\nComparison of functional group polarity
\nAlkanes (- CH3, \u2013 CH2 -) < olefins (- CH = ch -) < ethers (- O-CH3, \u2013 o-ch2 -) < nitro compounds (- NO2) < dimethylamine (ch3-n-ch3) < lipids (- coor) < ketones (- co -) < aldehydes (- CHO) < mercaptans (- SH) < amines (- NH2) < amides (- nhco-ch3) < alcohols (- OH) < phenols (- ar-oh) \uff1c carboxylic acids (- COOH)
\nCommon mobile phase polarity
\nPetroleum ether \uff1c gasoline \uff1c heptane \uff1c hexane \uff1c carbon disulfide \uff1c xylene \uff1c toluene \uff1c chloropropane \uff1c benzene \uff1c bromoethane \uff1c brominated benzene \uff1c dichloroethane (DCM) < chloroform \uff1c isopropyl ether \uff1c nitromethane \uff1c butyl acetate \uff1c ether \uff1c ethyl acetate \uff1c n-pentane \uff1c n-butanol \uff1c phenol \uff1c methylethanol \uff1c TERT butanol \uff1c tetrahydrofuran \uff1c dioxane \uff1c acetone \uff1c ethanol \uff1c acetonitrile \uff1c methanol \uff1c nitrogen dimethylformamide (DMF) \uff1c water
\nIndicates the polarity of an organic solvent, which is related to its physicochemical properties, such as dielectric constant, dipole moment or refractive index. This representation regards all solvents as continuous acting media rather than discontinuous unity composed of various molecules, and does not take into account the special interaction between solvents and solutes.<\/p>\n

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